(续上)……是靠神迹立着的么?约版上的字是刻透的,闭口的 梅姆 与 萨麦克 中间那一块只能靠神迹悬着;可见闭口的词尾字形在西奈时已经有了。
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……是靠神迹立着的么?
stood by way of a miracle?
← 经卷总目·第一章 书卷的诵读
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 4 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
(续上)……是靠神迹立着的么?约版上的字是刻透的,闭口的 梅姆 与 萨麦克 中间那一块只能靠神迹悬着;可见闭口的词尾字形在西奈时已经有了。
……是靠神迹立着的么?
stood by way of a miracle?
回答:当时这些字母确有两种字形,只是众人不知哪一种用在词中、哪一种用在词尾;众先见来了,定下开口的用在词中,闭口的用在词尾。
革玛拉回答:是的,那时这些字母确有两种字形,只是众人不知道其中哪一种用在词的中间、哪一种用在词的末尾;众先见来了,定下开口的字形用在词的中间,闭口的字形用在词的末尾。
The Gemara answers: Yes, two forms of these letters did exist at that time, but the people did not know which one of them was to be used in the middle of the word and which at the end of the word, and the Seers came and established that the open forms are to used be in the middle of the word and the closed forms at the end of the word.
革玛拉问:说到底,「这就是……的命令」岂不表示此后先知不得创立任何 哈拉哈?毋宁说,词尾字形在赐妥拉时就已存在,日久被人忘了,先知来把它们重新立起。
革玛拉问:然而说到底,「这就是……的命令」(利未记 27:34)这个说法,岂不表示从此以后先知不得创立任何一件 哈拉哈 么?
The Gemara asks: Ultimately, however, doesn’t the phrase “these are the commandments” (Leviticus 27:34) indicate that a prophet is not permitted to initiate any matter of halakha from now on?
毋宁可以这样说:词尾字母在赐妥拉的时候就已存在,只是日久众人把它们忘了,先知就来把它们重新立起。
Rather, it may be suggested that the final letters already existed at the time of the giving of the Torah, but over the course of time the people forgot them, and the prophets then came and reestablished them.
又引 拉比耶利米(或说 拉比希亚·巴尔·阿巴)的话:妥拉的亚兰文译本出自皈依者 昂克洛斯,本于 拉比以利以谢 与 拉比约书亚 的教导;先知书的译本出自 约拿单·本·乌薛,本于哈该、撒迦利亚、玛拉基的传承。他译成时,以色列地四百 帕尔萨 见方震动,有天上的声音说:这是谁,把我的奥秘向世人显明了?
革玛拉再引 拉比耶利米 或 拉比希亚·巴尔·阿巴 的另一个判断。
§ The Gemara cites another ruling of Rabbi Yirmeya or Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba.
拉比耶利米 说——也有人说是 拉比希亚·巴尔·阿巴 说的:会堂里所用的妥拉亚兰文译本,是皈依者 昂克洛斯 根据 拉比以利以谢 与 拉比约书亚 的教导撰成的。
Rabbi Yirmeya said, and some say that it was Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba who said: The Aramaic translation of the Torah used in the synagogues was composed by Onkelos the convert based on the teachings of Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Yehoshua.
先知书的亚兰文译本,是 约拿单·本·乌薛 根据一个上溯至最后几位先知——哈该、撒迦利亚、玛拉基——的传承撰成的。
The Aramaic translation of the Prophets was composed by Yonatan ben Uzziel based on a tradition going back to the last prophets, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi.
革玛拉记述:约拿单·本·乌薛 写成他的译本时,以色列地有四百 帕尔萨 乘四百 帕尔萨 的一片地方震动起来,有天上的声音出来说:这是谁,把我的奥秘向世人显明了?
The Gemara relates that when Yonatan ben Uzziel wrote his translation, Eretz Yisrael quaked over an area of four hundred parasangs [parsa] by four hundred parasangs, and a Divine Voice emerged and said: Who is this who has revealed My secrets to mankind?
约拿单·本·乌薛 站起来说:是我借译本显明了你的奥秘;但你知道,我不是为自己或父家的尊荣,乃是为你的尊荣,免得以色列民中纷争增多——没有公认的译本,众人对难解的经文就会意见不一。
约拿单·本·乌薛 站起来说:是我借着我的译本,把你的奥秘向世人显明了。
Yonatan ben Uzziel stood up on his feet and said: I am the one who has revealed Your secrets to mankind through my translation.
然而在你面前是显明、也是知道的:我这样做不是为我自己的尊荣,也不是为我父家的尊荣,乃是为你的尊荣,免得以色列民中纷争增多。
However, it is revealed and known to You that I did this not for my own honor, and not for the honor of the house of my father, but rather it was for Your honor that I did this, so that discord not increase among the Jewish people.
若没有一个公认的译本,众人对难解经文的意思就会意见不一;有了译本,意思就清楚了。
In the absence of an accepted translation, people will disagree about the meaning of obscure verses, but with a translation, the meaning will be clear.
他又想译出圣录,天上的声音对他说:你译了先知书就够了。缘故是圣录里有末期,就是弥赛亚来临之时的启示:但以理书隐晦地预言末期,若被译出,末期就向众人显露无遗。
约拿单·本·乌薛 又想把圣录的译本也显明出来,但有天上的声音出来对他说:你译了先知书就够了。
And Yonatan ben Uzziel also sought to reveal a translation of the Writings, but a Divine Voice emerged and said to him: It is enough for you that you translated the Prophets.
革玛拉解释:他不获准翻译圣录,缘故是什么?
The Gemara explains: What is the reason that he was denied permission to translate the Writings?
因为其中有末期——就是弥赛亚来临之时——的启示。
Because it has in it a revelation of the end, when the Messiah will arrive.
末期在但以理书里是以隐晦的方式预言的,但以理书若被译出,末期就会向众人显露无遗。
The end is foretold in a cryptic manner in the book of Daniel, and were the book of Daniel translated, the end would become manifestly revealed to all.
革玛拉问:妥拉的译本真出自 昂克洛斯 吗?拉夫伊卡·巴尔·阿维恩 传 拉夫哈纳内尔 引 拉夫 解尼希米记 8:8:「他们在书上,就是神的律法书上念」是经文,「分明地」是译文——以斯拉的时代当众诵读妥拉时,就随即译成亚兰文。
革玛拉问:妥拉的译本当真是皈依者 昂克洛斯 撰成的么?
The Gemara asks: Was the translation of the Torah really composed by Onkelos the convert?
拉夫伊卡·巴尔·阿维恩 岂不是说 拉夫哈纳内尔 说 拉夫 说:论以斯拉的日子所写的这节经是什么意思:「他们在书上,就是神的律法书上念,分明地念,讲明意思,使百姓明白所念的」(尼希米记 8:8)?
Didn’t Rav Ika bar Avin say that Rav Ḥananel said that Rav said: What is the meaning of that which is written with respect to the days of Ezra: “And they read in the book, the Torah of God, distinctly; and they gave the sense, and they caused them to understand the reading” (Nehemiah 8:8)?
和合本此节是一气连读的句子,措辞也不同;这里照革玛拉逐语分解的读法译。
这节经当这样理解:「他们在书上,就是神的律法书上念」,这是经文本身;「分明地」,这是译文,表示他们随即把经文译成亚兰文,正如当众诵读妥拉时的惯例。
The verse should be understood as follows: “And they read in the book, the Torah of God,” this is the scriptural text; “distinctly,” this is the translation, indicating that they immediately translated the text into Aramaic, as was customary during public Torah readings.
「讲明意思」是把经文分为各节;「使百姓明白所念的」是诵经的音符,也有人说是马所拉的书写传承。可见亚兰文译本在第二圣殿时期之初已有。回答:古译本曾被遗忘,后来 昂克洛斯 把它重新立起。
「讲明意思」,这是把经文分为各节。
“And they gave the sense,” these are the divisions of the text into separate verses.
「使百姓明白所念的」,这是诵经的音符,借着它们,经文的意思更加清楚。
“And they caused them to understand the reading,” these are the cantillation notes, through which the meaning of the text is further clarified.
也有人说,这是马所拉的传承,论每个字当如何书写。
And some say that these are the Masoretic traditions with regard to the manner in which each word is to be written.
这就表明:亚兰文译本在第二圣殿时期之初已经存在,远在 昂克洛斯 的时代以前。
This indicates that the Aramaic translation already existed at the beginning of the Second Temple period, well before the time of Onkelos.
革玛拉回答:古老的亚兰文译本曾被遗忘,后来 昂克洛斯 来把它重新立起。
The Gemara answers: The ancient Aramaic translation was forgotten and then Onkelos came and reestablished it.
先知书的译本有何不同,为何显明妥拉译本时以色列地不震动,显明先知书译本时却震动?回答:妥拉所论之事意思清楚,先知书里却有清楚的也有隐晦的,译本显明了隐晦的。例如撒迦利亚书 12:11 论米吉多平原哈大临门的悲哀。
革玛拉问:先知书的译本有什么不同?
The Gemara asks: What is different about the translation of Prophets?
为什么 昂克洛斯 显明妥拉的译本时,以色列地没有震动,而先知书的译本显明时,以色列地却震动了?
Why is it that when Onkelos revealed the translation of the Torah, Eretz Yisrael did not quake, and when he revealed the translation of the Prophets, it quaked?
革玛拉解释:妥拉所论之事的意思是清楚的,所以它的亚兰文译本并没有显明先前不明白之经段的意思。
The Gemara explains: The meaning of matters discussed in the Torah is clear, and therefore its Aramaic translation did not reveal the meaning of passages that had not been understood previously.
反之,先知书里有清楚的事,也有隐晦的事,亚兰文译本就显明了隐晦经段的意思。
Conversely, in the Prophets, there are matters that are clear and there are matters that are obscure, and the Aramaic translation revealed the meaning of obscure passages.
革玛拉举出一节靠亚兰文译本才得以阐明的隐晦经文为例,正如经上写着:「那日,耶路撒冷必有大悲哀,如米吉多平原之哈大临门的悲哀」(撒迦利亚书 12:11)。
The Gemara cites an example of an obscure verse that is clarified by the Aramaic translation: As it is written: “On that day shall there be a great mourning in Jerusalem, like the mourning of Hadadrimmon in the valley of Megiddon” (Zechariah 12:11).
拉夫约瑟 说:若没有这节的亚兰文译本,我们不会知道它在说什么。译本作:耶路撒冷的悲哀必大,如为亚哈——被他伯利们的儿子哈大临门在基列的拉末所杀——的悲哀,又如为约西亚——被瘸腿的法老在米吉多平原所杀——的悲哀;可见经文指的是两场哀悼。
论到那节经,拉夫约瑟 说:若不是这节经有亚兰文译本,我们就不会知道它在说什么,因为圣经并没有提到在米吉多平原有什么关于哈大临门的事。
And with regard to that verse, Rav Yosef said: Were it not for the Aramaic translation of this verse, we would not have known what it is saying, as the Bible does not mention any incident involving Hadadrimmon in the valley of Megiddon.
亚兰文译本是这样读的:那日,耶路撒冷的悲哀必大,如同为暗利的儿子亚哈的悲哀——他是被他伯利们的儿子哈大临门在基列的拉末所杀的;又如同为亚们的儿子约西亚的悲哀——他是被瘸腿的法老在米吉多平原所杀的。
The Aramaic translation reads as follows: On that day, the mourning in Jerusalem will be as great as the mourning for Ahab, son of Omri, who was slain by Hadadrimmon, son of Tavrimon, in Ramoth-Gilead, and like the mourning for Josiah, son of Amon, who was slain by Pharaoh the lame in the valley of Megiddon.
这译本阐明了经文所指的是两场不同的哀悼,从而阐明了这节经的意思。
The translation clarifies that the verse is referring to two separate incidents of mourning, and thereby clarifies the meaning of this verse.
革玛拉再引同一传承的话:但以理书 10:7 说,同着他的人没有看见那异象,却大大战兢、逃跑隐藏。这些人是谁?拉比耶利米(或说 拉比希亚·巴尔·阿巴)说:是先知哈该、撒迦利亚、玛拉基。
革玛拉引出同一传承的另一段话。
§ The Gemara introduces another statement from the same line of tradition.
经上说:「这异象惟有我但以理一人看见,同着我的人没有看见,他们却大大战兢,逃跑隐藏」(但以理书 10:7)。
The verse states: “And I, Daniel, alone saw the vision, for the men who were with me did not see the vision; but a great trembling fell upon them, so that they fled to hide themselves” (Daniel 10:7).
这些人是谁?
Who were these men?
圣经里「人」这个字表示重要的人物;他们是谁呢?
The term “men” in the Bible indicates important people; who were they?
拉比耶利米 说——也有人说是 拉比希亚·巴尔·阿巴 说的:他们是先知哈该、撒迦利亚、玛拉基。
Rabbi Yirmeya said, and some say that it was Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba who said: These are the prophets Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi.
他们在某些方面比但以理大:他们是受差遣传神话语的先知,他却不是;在另一方面他比他们大:他看见了异象,他们却没有看见,可见他领会隐晦异象的能力胜过他们。
革玛拉评论:在某些方面,他们这几位先知比他,就是但以理大;在某些方面,他,就是但以理,比他们大。
The Gemara comments: In certain ways they, the prophets, were greater than him, Daniel, and in certain ways he, Daniel, was greater than them.
他们比他大,因为他们是先知,他却不是先知。
They were greater than him, as they were prophets and he was not a prophet.
哈该、撒迦利亚、玛拉基受差遣把神的话传给以色列民,但以理却没有受差遣把他的异象显明给别人。
Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi were sent to convey the word of God to the Jewish people, while Daniel was not sent to reveal his visions to others.
然而在另一方面,他比他们大,因为他看见了这异象,他们却没有看见这异象,表示他领会隐晦难解之异象的能力比他们的大。
In another way, however, he was greater than them, as he saw this vision, and they did not see this vision, indicating that his ability to perceive obscure and cryptic visions was greater than theirs.
他们既没有看见异象,为何惊惶?回答:他们虽没看见,他们的守护天使却看见了,他们觉出那里有可怕的事,就逃跑了。
革玛拉问:他们既没有看见那异象,为什么惊惶呢?
The Gemara asks: Since they did not see the vision, what is the reason that they were frightened?
革玛拉回答:他们虽没有看见那异象,他们的守护天使却看见了,所以他们觉出那里有可怕的事,就逃跑了。
The Gemara answers: Even though they did not see the vision, their guardian angels saw it, and therefore they sensed that there was something fearful there and they fled.
拉维纳 由此推出:人无故惊惶,虽看不见什么,他的守护天使却看见了,当设法避险。补救之法:诵 《听》;若站在污秽之处,就挪开四肘;若做不到,就念一句咒语:屠宰场的山羊比我肥,灾祸若要临到,就临到它身上。
拉维纳 说:由这件事可知:一个人无明显缘故惊惶,虽然他看不见什么威胁,他的守护天使却看见了,所以他当设法避开危险。
Ravina said: Learn from this incident that with regard to one who is frightened for no apparent reason, although he does not see anything menacing, his guardian angel sees it, and therefore he should take steps in order to escape the danger.
革玛拉问:他的补救之法是什么?
The Gemara asks: What is his remedy?
他当诵 《听》,这会给他保护。
He should recite Shema, which will afford him protection.
若他站在一个污秽之处,那里禁止诵读妥拉的经文,他就当从现在所在之处挪开四肘,以避开危险。
And if he is standing in a place of filth, where it is prohibited to recite verses from the Torah, he should distance himself four cubits from his current location in order to escape the danger.
若他做不到,就让他念下面这句咒语:屠宰场的山羊比我肥,灾祸若必须落在什么上头,就让它落在那山羊身上。
And if he is not able to do so, let him say the following incantation: The goat of the slaughterhouse is fatter than I am, and if a calamity must fall upon something, it should fall upon it.
回到前面所引的经文:「每一省份」「每一城邑」既是为讲解而写,同节的「每一家族」又为讲解什么?拉比约西·巴尔·哈尼纳 说:是要包括祭司与利未人的家族,表示他们暂停圣殿的供职,来听诵读以斯帖书卷。
离题之后,革玛拉回到前面所引一节经的讲解。
§ After this digression, the Gemara returns to the exposition of a verse cited above.
你既说「每一省份」「每一城邑」这两个说法是为讲解而写的,那么同一节经(以斯帖记 9:28)里「每一家族」这几个字又是为什么讲解而写的呢?
Now that you have said that the phrases “every province” and “every city” appear for the purposes of midrashic exposition, for what exposition do the words “every family” appear in that same verse (Esther 9:28)?
拉比约西·巴尔·哈尼纳 说:这几个字是要包括祭司与利未人的家族,表示他们暂停在圣殿里的供职,来听诵读 以斯帖书卷。
Rabbi Yosei bar Ḥanina said: These words come to include the priestly and Levitical families, and indicate that they cancel their service in the Temple and come to hear the reading of the Megilla.
拉夫犹大 传 拉夫 说:供职的祭司、台上的利未人、班次里的以色列人,都暂停他们的供职,来听诵读以斯帖书卷。
正如 拉夫犹大 说 拉夫 说:在供职中的祭司、在圣殿台上诵唱每日诗篇的利未人、在班次里的以色列人——就是对应祭司班次的以色列人小组,他们作为全民的代表来到耶路撒冷,也聚集在别处,观看圣殿的供职或为它的顺利祷告——都暂停他们的供职,来听诵读 以斯帖书卷。
As Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: The priests at their Temple service, the Levites on their platform in the Temple, where they sung the daily psalm, and the Israelites at their watches, i.e., the group of Israelites, corresponding to the priestly watches, who would come to Jerusalem and gather in other locations as representatives of the entire nation to observe or pray for the success of the Temple service, all cancel their service and come to hear the reading of the Megilla.
一段 《巴拉伊塔》 也这样教导。拉比犹大·哈纳西 家的贤人据此 哈拉哈 断定,人当暂停研读妥拉来听诵读以斯帖书卷:由轻及重——圣殿的供职那样重要尚且暂停,研读妥拉更当如此。
一段 《巴拉伊塔》 里也这样教导:供职的祭司、台上的利未人、班次里的以色列人,都暂停他们的供职,来听诵读 以斯帖书卷。
This is also taught in a baraita: The priests at their service, the Levites on the platform, and the Israelites at their watches, all cancel their service and come to hear the reading of the Megilla.
拉比犹大·哈纳西 家的贤人们依据这里所说的 哈拉哈,断定人当暂停研读妥拉,来听诵读 以斯帖书卷。
The Sages of the house of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi relied upon the halakha stated here and determined that one cancels his Torah study and comes to hear the reading of the Megilla.
他们借着由圣殿供职所作的由轻及重推论,推出这条原则:在圣殿里供职的人,所行的事极为重要,尚且要暂停供职来听 以斯帖书卷;那研读妥拉的人,岂不更显然要暂停研读来听 以斯帖书卷 么?
They derived this principle by means of an a fortiori inference from the Temple service: Just as one who is engaged in performing service in the Temple, which is very important, cancels his service in order to hear the Megilla, is it not all the more so obvious that one who is engaged in Torah study cancels his study to hear the Megilla?
革玛拉问:圣殿的供职比研读妥拉更重要吗?经上岂不是写着:约书亚在耶利哥附近,见一人手里拔刀对面站立,那人说自己是耶和华军队的元帅,「现在来了」,约书亚就俯伏下拜(约书亚记 5:13–14)?
革玛拉问:圣殿的供职比研读妥拉更重要么?
The Gemara asks: Is the Temple service more important than Torah study?
经上岂不是写着:「约书亚靠近耶利哥的时候,举目观看,不料,有一个人手里有拔出来的刀,对面站立。
Isn’t it written: “And it came to pass when Joshua was by Jericho that he lifted up his eyes and looked, and behold, a man stood over against him with his sword drawn in his hand.
约书亚到他那里,问他说:你是帮助我们呢?是帮助我们敌人呢?
And Joshua went over to him and said to him: Are you for us, or for our adversaries?
他回答说:不是的,我乃是耶和华军队的元帅,现在来了。
And he said, No, but I am captain of the host of the Lord, I have come now.
和合本作「不是的,我来是要作耶和华军队的元帅」;革玛拉下文(3a.21)倚重「现在来了」(עַתָּה בָאתִי)一语,故照革玛拉的读法译。
约书亚就俯伏在地下拜」(约书亚记 5:13–14)。
And Joshua fell on his face to the earth, and bowed down” (Joshua 5:13–14).
革玛拉先澄清经上所述之事:约书亚怎能向不认识的形影下拜?拉比约书亚·本·利未 说过,夜里不可向不认识的人问安,恐怕那是鬼魔。回答:那里不同,因为来者说了「我乃是耶和华军队的元帅」。
革玛拉先要澄清经上所述的这件事。
The Gemara first seeks to clarify the incident described in the verse.
约书亚怎么这样做,就是说,他怎能向一个他不认识的形影下拜?
How did Joshua do this, i.e., how could he bow to a figure he did not recognize?
拉比约书亚·本·利未 岂不是说过:人夜里若不认识对方,禁止向他问安,因为我们担心那或许是个鬼魔?
Didn’t Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi say: It is prohibited for a person to greet his fellow at night if he does not recognize him, as we are concerned that perhaps it is a demon?
约书亚怎么知道那不是鬼魔呢?
How did Joshua know that it was not a demon?
革玛拉回答:那里是不同的,因为来者对他说:我乃是耶和华军队的元帅。
The Gemara answers: There it was different, as the visitor said to him: But I am captain of the host of the Lord.
也许那是鬼魔在说谎?回答:有传承说,鬼魔不会徒然称说天的名;来者既提了神的名,约书亚就确知那是天使。
革玛拉问:或许那是个鬼魔,在说谎呢?
The Gemara asks: Perhaps this was a demon and he lied?
革玛拉回答:传承有云,鬼魔不会徒然称说天的名;所以来者既提了神的名,约书亚就确知那真是一位天使。
The Gemara answers: It is learned as a tradition that demons do not utter the name of Heaven for naught, and therefore since the visitor had mentioned the name of God, Joshua was certain that this was indeed an angel.
(下接 3之间)天使对约书亚说:昨天午后你因临战荒废了午后的常献,如今夜里又荒废了研读妥拉,我是来责备你的。问他为哪一样而来,他说「现在来了」——荒废研读妥拉比荒废常献更重。约书亚随即补正,如经上说他「这夜……在山谷之中」住宿,拉比约哈难 说……
至于天使的使命,革玛拉解释:天使对约书亚说:昨天,就是午后,你因迫在眉睫的争战荒废了午后的常献;如今在夜里,你又荒废了研读妥拉,我是来责备你的。
As for the angel’s mission, the Gemara explains that the angel said to Joshua: Yesterday, i.e., during the afternoon, you neglected the afternoon daily offering due to the impending battle, and now, at night, you have neglected Torah study, and I have come to rebuke you.
约书亚对他说:你是为这两样罪中的哪一样来的?
Joshua said to him: For which of these sins have you come?
他对约书亚说:我现在来了,表示荒废研读妥拉比荒废献常献的罪更重。
He said to him: I have come now, indicating that neglecting Torah study is more severe than neglecting to sacrifice the daily offering.
约书亚随即决意补正这事,正如经上说:「约书亚这夜……住宿」(约书亚记 8:9)「……在山谷之中」(约书亚记 8:13),而 拉比约哈难 说:……
Joshua immediately determined to rectify the matter, as the verses states: “And Joshua lodged that night” (Joshua 8:9) “in the midst of the valley [ha’emek]” (Joshua 8:13), and Rabbi Yoḥanan said:
和合本 8:9 作「这夜约书亚却在民中住宿」,8:13 作「这夜约书亚进入山谷之中」;革玛拉把两节合读。「山谷」希伯来文作 הָעֵמֶק,下文(叶三背)就此字讲解。