6b.1
解答
接上叶末句:头上的经匣分四格,各装一节;臂上的经匣只一格,那几节合写在一张皮卷上。
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以上说的是头上的经匣——那里有四个各自分开的格。
in the phylacteries of the head, where there are four separate compartments.
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至于臂上的经匣,只有一个格,那几节经文便合写在一张皮卷上。
<b>And all</b> of the verses <b>are written</b> together on one parchment <b>in</b> the phylacteries of the <b>arm,</b> which has only one compartment.
6b.2
引证
拉维恩·巴尔·拉夫阿达 传 拉比以撒 说:素常来会堂的人有一日不来,神便问起他。据以赛亚书 50:10「你们中间谁是敬畏耶和华、听从他仆人之话的?
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另有一句:拉维恩·巴尔·拉夫阿达 说,拉比以撒 说过:素常来会堂的人若有一日没来,神便问起他来——可说是要看他出了什么事,正如经上所说:「你们中间谁是敬畏耶和华的?
Additionally, <b>Ravin bar Rav Adda said</b> that <b>Rabbi Yitzḥak said: One who is accustomed to come to the synagogue and did not come one day, the Holy One, Blessed be He, asks about him,</b> as it were, to determine what happened to him, <b>as it is stated: “Who among you fears the Lord?</b>
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谁是听从他仆人之话的?
<b>Who hears the voice of His servant?</b>
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这人行在暗中,没有亮光,当倚靠耶和华的名,仗赖自己的神」(以赛亚书 50:10)。
<b>Though he walks in darkness and has no light,</b> let him trust in the name of the Lord, and rely upon his God” (Isaiah 50:10).
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换句话说,神是问:你们中间谁是敬畏耶和华的,却没有来听他仆人——那位领祷者、那事奉神的人——的声音呢?
In other words, God asks, who among you fears the Lord yet did not come to hear the voice of His servant the prayer leader, who engages in the service of God?
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就是那天未亮就出门、在祷告之前行在暗中的人。
He who went out before dawn and walks in darkness before prayer.
朱「行在暗中」在此被读作实指:天未亮就出门办事,故错过了会堂的祷告。原文的暗与光是一个字面上的暗,也是一个属灵的暗,两义同在一词;中文只能保住一头。
6b.3
推论
分别对待:若为一件 诫命 而去,纵在暗中也有亮光;若为可作可不作的俗事而去,纵天亮了也没有亮光。
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他若是为着一件 诫命 的事出门,因而没在会堂祷告,那么纵在暗中,也有亮光给他——他所行那 诫命 的光必护着他。
<b>If it is for a matter</b> involving <b>a mitzva that he went</b> and absented himself from prayer in the synagogue, then, despite the darkness, <b>there is light for him,</b> the aura of his mitzva will protect him.
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他若是为着可作可不作的事、为着某件俗务出门,因而没在会堂祷告,那么纵到天亮,也没有亮光给他(马哈沙)。
<b>But if it is for an optional matter,</b> some mundane purpose, <b>that he went</b> and absented himself from prayer in the synagogue, then, even once the day begins, <b>there is no light for him</b> (Maharsha).
6b.4
提问
那一节接着说「当倚靠耶和华的名」。神何以这样苛责此人?答:因他本该倚靠耶和华的名,信自己把俗务押后到祷告之后也不致亏损,他却没有倚靠。
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那一节接着说:「当倚靠耶和华的名。」革玛拉 问:神何以对这人这样苛责?
The verse continues: <b>“Let him trust in the name of the Lord.”</b> The Gemara asks: <b>What is the reason</b> that God is so exacting with this person?
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革玛拉 答:因为他本该仗赖耶和华的名,信自己把俗务押后到会堂祷告之后也不致亏损,他却没有仗赖神。
The Gemara answers: <b>Because he should have relied on the name of the Lord,</b> and trusted that he would not incur any loss if he postponed dealing with his mundane matters until after prayer in the synagogue, <b>and he did not rely</b> on God.
6b.5
引证
拉比约哈难 说:神进会堂而不见十人,立时就怒,据以赛亚书 50:2「我来的时候为何无人等候呢?
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就这同一件事,拉比约哈难 说:神进了会堂,若不见有十个人在那里,立时就发怒,正如经上所说:「我来的时候,为何无人等候呢?
On this same topic, <b>Rabbi Yoḥanan said: When the Holy One, Blessed be He, enters a synagogue and does not find ten</b> people there, <b>He immediately becomes angry, as it is stated: “Why, when I came, was there no one?</b>
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我呼唤的时候,为何无人回答呢?……看哪,我一斥责,海就干了,我使江河变为旷野」(以赛亚书 50:2)。
<b>When I called, there was no one to answer…</b>Behold, with My rebuke I dry up the sea, I make the rivers a wilderness” (Isaiah 50:2).
6b.6
引证
拉比赫尔波 传 拉夫胡纳 说:为自己的祷告定下一处地方的人,亚伯拉罕的神必帮助他。
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论到祷告的恒常,还有一面:拉比赫尔波 说,拉夫胡纳 说过:凡为自己的祷告定下一处地方的人,亚伯拉罕 的神必帮助他。
Concerning another aspect of the constancy of prayer, <b>Rabbi Ḥelbo said that Rav Huna said: One who sets a fixed place for his prayer, the God of Abraham assists him.</b>
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祷告既与圣殿的事奉相当,为这神圣的礼定下一处地方就是敬重之意(拉比约西亚·平托)。
Since prayer parallels the Temple service, it is a sign of respect to set a fixed place for this sacred rite (Rabbi Yoshiyahu Pinto).
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亚伯拉罕 的神帮助他,是因这一份虔敬的习惯正合 亚伯拉罕 的行止。
The God of Abraham assists him because this pious custom evokes Abraham’s conduct.
6b.7
推论
这样的人死了,人为他致哀说:「那谦卑的人在哪里?那虔敬的人在哪里?他是我们祖亚伯拉罕的门徒。」
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这样定下祷告之处的人死了,为他致哀的人便这样说他:「那谦卑的人在哪里?那虔敬的人在哪里?他是我们祖 亚伯拉罕 的门徒。」照这话看,定下祷告之处的人,在谦卑与虔敬各方面都算是 亚伯拉罕 的门徒(拉比约西亚·平托)。
<b>When he dies,</b> those who eulogize one who set a fixed place for his prayer <b>say about him: “Where is the humble</b> one, <b>where is the pious</b> one, <b>of the disciples of our father Abraham?”</b> Presumably, one who sets a fixed place for prayer is a disciple of Abraham in every respect, including humility and piety (Rabbi Yoshiyahu Pinto).
6b.8
提问
何以见得亚伯拉罕定下了祷告之处?据创世记 19:27「亚伯拉罕清早起来,到了他从前站在耶和华面前的地方」;而「站」不指别的,正指祷告,据诗篇 106:30「非尼哈站起,刑罚恶人」。
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革玛拉 问:何以见得我们祖 亚伯拉罕 为自己的祷告定下了一处地方?
The Gemara asks: <b>From where do we</b> derive <b>that Abraham our father set a fixed place</b> for his prayer?
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革玛拉 答:正如经上所写:「亚伯拉罕 清早起来,到了他从前站在耶和华面前的地方」(创世记 19:27);而「站」这个字不指别的,正指祷告,正如经上所说:「那时 非尼哈 站起,刑罚恶人」(诗篇 106:30)。
The Gemara answers: <b>As it is written: “And Abraham rose in the morning to the place where he had stood</b> before God” (Genesis 19:27), <b>and</b> the verb <b>“standing” means nothing other than prayer, as it is stated: “And Pinehas stood and prayed”</b> (Psalms 106:30).
朱所据是同一个字两处重出:一处说亚伯拉罕「站」(עָמַד)过的地方,一处说非尼哈「站起」祷告。中文两处都作「站」,却不带那条同字重出可据以立论的分量;而这个字又正是立祷之名(עֲמִידָה)的来处,这一层在中文里也接不住。
6b.9
引证
拉比赫尔波 传 拉夫胡纳 说:出会堂不可阔步而行。阿巴耶 解道:这只就出去说;进会堂则跑着去也是 诫命,据何西阿书 6:3「我们务要认识耶和华」。
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拉比赫尔波 说,拉夫胡纳 说过:人出会堂时不可迈大步而行——那样像是急着要走。
<b>Rabbi Ḥelbo said</b> that <b>Rav Huna said: One who leaves the synagogue should not take large strides</b> because it creates the impression that he is eager to leave.
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阿巴耶 解 拉夫胡纳 这话说:这条 哈拉哈 只是就出会堂说的——在那里迈大步显得格外失敬。
<b>Abaye</b> explained Rav Huna’s statement and <b>said:</b> This <i>halakha</i> <b>was only said</b> with regard <b>to leaving</b> the synagogue, where large strides seem particularly disrespectful.
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至于进会堂,跑着去反是一件 诫命,急步阔步都无妨(拉比约西亚·平托)。
<b>However,</b> with regard <b>to entering</b> a synagogue, <b>it is a mitzva to run</b> and one is permitted to rush and take large strides (Rabbi Yoshiyahu Pinto).
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正如经上所说:「我们务要认识耶和华,竭力追求认识他」(何西阿书 6:3)。
<b>As it is said:</b> “And let us know, <b>eagerly strive to know the Lord”</b> (Hosea 6:3).
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人急急进会堂,正显出他愿走神的道的热切。
One who eagerly enters a synagogue displays his enthusiasm to follow the path of God.
6b.10
引证
拉比泽拉 自陈改念:起初见众贤者安息日跑去听讲,以为他们犯了安息日;后听得 拉比坦胡姆 传 拉比约书亚·本·利未 说,为哈拉哈之事纵在安息日也当跑,他自己也就跑了。
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拉比泽拉 说:起初我看见众贤者在 安息日 跑着去听拉比讲学,我说:这些贤者是在犯 安息日。
<b>Rabbi Zeira said: Initially, when I saw the Sages running to the</b> Rabbi’s <b>lecture on Shabbat, I said: These Sages are desecrating Shabbat.</b>
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人在 安息日 本不可跑,为的是敬那日的圣。
One is prohibited from running on Shabbat in deference to the sanctity of the day.
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后来我听见 拉比坦胡姆 说,拉比约书亚·本·利未 说过:人为 哈拉哈 之事总当跑,纵在 安息日 也当跑,正如经上所说:「他们必跟随耶和华,他必像狮子吼叫」(何西阿书 11:10)。
<b>Once I heard that which Rabbi Tanḥum said</b> that <b>Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi</b> said: <b>One should always run for a matter of <i>halakha</i>, even on Shabbat, as it is stated: “They shall walk after the Lord, who will roar like a lion”</b> (Hosea 11:10).
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换句话说,人当急奔如被狮子追赶(《主名之祝》)——我自己也就跑了。
In other words, one should rush as though he were chased by a lion (<i>Birkat Hashem</i>), <b>I too run.</b>
6b.11
引证
拉比泽拉 又说:听讲的赏在乎那一跑。以下五句同式:各样聚集,其赏都在最费力的那一处。
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拉比泽拉 说:听讲所得的赏,在乎那一跑。
<b>Rabbi Zeira said: The reward for</b> attending <b>the lecture is</b> for <b>running.</b>
朱「赏在乎那一跑」是一句体裁固定的短语(agra de-pirka rihata),四字对四字,下面五段各换一物、句式不改。中文译得出意思,那份格言的节律与整组的对称却留不住。
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因为来听讲的人大半并不能全懂所教的,来听的心意本身才是所赏的——而那份心意,正显在他们急奔而至上。
Since most individuals attending the lecture did not fully understand the material taught, the primary reward for attendance was given for their intention to hear the Torah being taught, as evidenced by their rush to arrive.
6b.12
引证
阿巴耶 说:聚学之赏在乎那一挤。
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同样,阿巴耶 说:赴 聚学 所得的赏,在乎那一挤。
Similarly, <b>Abaye said: The reward for</b> attending <b>the <i>kalla</i> is</b> for <b>the crowding.</b>
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因为人多拥挤,研习本就艰难,所赏的正是他们要听懂讲学一二的那份力气。
Due to the large crowd, study was difficult, so the primary reward was given for their effort to hear and understand some part of the lecture.
6b.13
引证
拉瓦 说:学阿摩拉所传之律,其赏在乎推理。
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同样,拉瓦 说:学 阿摩拉 们所传的哈拉哈之律,所得的赏在乎那一番推理——因为研习塔木德所赏的,不是知道断案的结论,而是导出那结论的推理。
Similarly, <b>Rava said: The reward for</b> learning the halakhic <b>traditions</b> of the <i>amora’im</i> <b>is</b> for <b>the logical</b> analysis, as the primary reward for studying Talmud was not given for knowing the halakhic conclusions, but for the logical reasoning that led to those conclusions.
朱「推理」原文作 סְבָרָא:指从所据推出所断的那一段理路,是塔木德里有分量的一个词,与「意见」「见解」不同。中文的「推理」偏于逻辑,接不住它兼有的「据理而断」之义。
6b.14
引证
拉夫帕帕 说:赴丧家之赏在乎那份静默。
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拉夫帕帕 说:赴丧家所得的赏,主要在乎那份静默——吊丧的人以静默陪着居丧者,正是表同情最妥当的样子。
<b>Rav Pappa said: The</b> primary <b>reward for</b> attending <b>a house of mourning [<i>bei tammaya</i>] is</b> for the <b>silence,</b> which is the optimal manner for those consoling the mourners to express their empathy.
朱「丧家」原文作 bei tammaya,字面是「洗尸之处」,指停殡待葬之家。中文的「丧家」说得出场所,说不出那个词里洗涤尸身的实事,也就少了那份切近死亡的味道。
6b.15
引证
玛尔祖特拉 说:禁食之赏在乎那份施济。
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玛尔祖特拉 说:禁食所得的赏,主要在乎那日分给穷人的施济(参以赛亚书 58 章)。
<b>Mar Zutra said: The</b> primary <b>reward for fasting is</b> for the <b>charity</b> given to the poor on the fast day (see Isaiah 58).
6b.16
引证
拉夫舍舍特 说:致哀之赏在乎叫在座的人放声而哭。
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拉夫舍舍特 说:致哀所得的赏,主要在乎叫在座的人放声而哭——那样才添出对亡者的哀伤。
<b>Rav Sheshet said: The</b> primary <b>reward for</b> delivering <b>a eulogy is</b> for causing those in attendance to <b>raise their voices</b> and cry, as that increases the grief over the deceased.
6b.17
引证
拉夫阿施 说:赴婚筵之赏在乎那些话——就是宾客向新人所道的祝愿。这一组至此收束。
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拉夫阿施 说:赴婚筵所得的赏,主要在乎那些话——就是宾客向新妇新郎所道的祝愿。
<b>Rav Ashi said: The</b> primary <b>reward for</b> participating in <b>a wedding is</b> for <b>the words,</b> i.e., the good wishes with which the guests regale the bride and groom.
6b.18
引证
拉夫胡纳 说:在会堂后面祷告的人称为恶人——众人朝一个方向,他偏背着,像是轻看会堂与会众。据诗篇 12:9「恶人在四围行走」。
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话回到敬重会堂一事,革玛拉 记 拉夫胡纳 说:在会堂后面祷告的人称为恶人——全会众朝着一个方向祷告,他却朝相反的方向,看起来像是轻看会堂与其中的会众。
Back to the topic of deference for a synagogue, the Gemara records that <b>Rav Huna said: One who prays behind the synagogue is called wicked,</b> as while the entire congregation is facing one direction to pray, he faces the opposite direction creating the impression that he is treating the synagogue and its congregation with contempt.
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正如经上所说:「恶人在四围行走,卑贱的事在人间高升」(诗篇 12:9)。
<b>As it is stated: “The wicked walk round about,</b> when vileness is exalted among the sons of men” (Psalms 12:9).
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换句话说:只有恶人才绕到会堂外面去祷告。
In other words, only the wicked walk round about the synagogue in order to pray.
6b.19
解答
阿巴耶 限定:这条只就不转脸朝会堂的人说;转脸朝着会堂祷告的,就无所禁。
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阿巴耶 说:这条 哈拉哈 只是就那不转脸朝会堂的人说的。
<b>Abaye said: This</b> <i>halakha</i> <b>was said only</b> in a case <b>where one does not turn his face toward the synagogue.</b>
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至于他转脸朝着会堂祷告,我们这里就没有什么禁令。
<b>But</b> where <b>he turns his face toward the synagogue</b> and prays <b>we have no</b> prohibition <b>in</b> that case.
6b.20
引证
为显这禁令之重,记一事:有人在会堂后面祷告而不转脸朝会堂。以利亚经过,见了他,化作阿拉伯人的样子,说「你就这样站在你主人面前么」,拔剑杀了他。
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为显这禁令之重,革玛拉 记一事:有一个人在会堂后面祷告,却不转脸朝着会堂。
To reinforce the gravity of this prohibition, the Gemara relates: <b>A certain individual prayed behind the synagogue and did not turn to face the synagogue.</b>
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先知 以利亚 经过,看见了他。
<b>Elijah</b> the Prophet <b>passed by and he saw him.</b>
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他向那人显作一个阿拉伯人的样子。
<b>He appeared to</b> him <b>as an Arab [<i>taya’a</i>].</b>
朱「阿拉伯人」原文作 taya'a,是当时对沙漠部族的通称,带几分外邦人、路人的意味。中文的「阿拉伯人」是今日的族称,读起来比原文确切得多,那份「一个不相识的过路胡人」的模糊也就没有了。
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以利亚 对他说:「你就这样站在你主人面前么?」说完拔出剑来把他杀了。
Elijah <b>said: “This is how [<i>kadu bar</i>] you stand before your Master?”</b> Elijah <b>drew a sword and killed him.</b>
朱「你就这样」原文作 kadu bar,是亚兰语的一个口语说法,语气近于「就这么点规矩?」中文只能把语气译作反问,那句市井话的粗直便磨平了。又:本段是塔木德里的叙事,不是律法条文——以利亚杀人一事历代注家多解为异象或警戒之言,非可效法的判例。
6b.21
提问
拉夫胡纳 已解那一节的前半,此处问后半:「卑贱的事在人间高升」何解?
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拉夫胡纳 已经解过那一节的前半——「恶人在四围行走」。革玛拉 接着解那一节的后半:「卑贱的事在人间高升。」有一位贤者问 拉夫贝拜·巴尔·阿巴耶(也有人说是 拉夫贝拜·巴尔·阿巴耶 问 拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒):「卑贱的事在人间高升」是什么意思?
Rav Huna already explained the beginning of the verse, “The wicked walk round about.” The Gemara explains the end of the verse: “When vileness is exalted among the sons of men.” <b>One of the Sages said to Rav Beivai bar Abaye, and some say Rav Beivai</b> said to <b>Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak: What is</b> the meaning of: <b>“When vileness is exalted among the sons of men”?</b>
6b.22
解答
答:那是指本立于世间至高之处的事——诫命与祷告——人却轻贱它们。
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他对他说:那是指那些立在世间至高之处的事——就是诸 诫命 与祷告——人却轻贱它们。
<b>He said to him: These are matters of utmost importance,</b> exalted, i.e., mitzvot or prayer, <b>which people</b> nonetheless <b>treat with contempt,</b> vileness among the sons of men.
朱「立在世间至高之处」与那一节的「高升」在原文同一词根 ר-ו-ם:本该在高处的事,反成了人间的卑贱。中文一处作「至高」、一处作「高升」,那层同根相扣的反讽便看不出来。
6b.23
引证
另一解:拉比约哈难 与 拉比以利亚撒 都说,人一旦需要求助于人,面色就变如 克鲁姆——正应那一节的字。
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拉比约哈难 与他的学生 拉比以利亚撒 都对这一节另有一解:人一旦需要求助于人,在人眼中失了体面——就是「卑贱的事在人间」——他的面色就变得像 克鲁姆 一样,正如经上所说:「克鲁姆 卑贱的事在人间高升。」
<b>Rabbi Yoḥanan and</b> his student, <b>Rabbi Elazar, both said</b> an alternative explanation of this verse: <b>Once a person needs</b> the help of <b>others</b> and loses dignity in their eyes, vileness among the sons of men, <b>his face changes</b> and becomes <b>like a <i>kerum</i>, as it is stated: “When [<i>kerum</i>] vileness is exalted among the sons of men.”</b>
6b.24
解答
那 克鲁姆 是什么?拉夫迪米 自以色列地来,说:海边城邑有一种鸟名叫 克鲁姆,日头一出,羽色数变。人靠人度日,面上也如此红一阵白一阵。
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拉比约哈难 与 拉比以利亚撒 所说的 克鲁姆,是什么?
<b>What is <i>kerum</i></b> referred to by Rabbi Yoḥanan and Rabbi Elazar?
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拉夫迪米 自 以色列地 来到巴比伦时说:海边的城邑里有一种鸟叫 克鲁姆,日头一出,那鸟的颜色便变换数种。
<b>When Rav Dimi came</b> to Babylonia from Eretz Yisrael <b>he said: There is a bird in the cities by the sea called <i>kerum</i> and when the sun rises,</b> the bird <b>changes several colors.</b>
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人一旦靠人度日,面上红白数变,也正是这样。
Similarly, one who becomes dependent upon others blushes in embarrassment.
6b.25
引证
拉比阿米 与 拉比阿西 都说:靠人度日的人,如同受了火与水两样刑罚。据诗篇 66:12「你使人坐车轧我们的头,我们经过水火」。
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拉比阿米 与 拉比阿西 都说:人一旦靠人度日,就如同受了两样刑罚——火与水。
<b>Rabbi Ami and Rabbi Asi both said:</b> One who becomes dependent upon others, <b>it is as if he was punished with two punishments: Fire and water.</b>
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正如经上所说:「你使人坐车轧我们的头;我们经过水火」(诗篇 66:12)。
<b>As it is stated: “You have caused men to ride over our heads; we have gone through fire and water”</b> (Psalms 66:12).
6b.26
引证
拉比赫尔波 传 拉夫胡纳 说:人总当谨守午后的祷告,因以利亚的祷告正是在午后的祷告里得了应允,据列王纪上 18:36–37。
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拉比赫尔波 又说,拉夫胡纳 说过:人总当谨守午后的祷告,因为 以利亚 的祷告正是在午后的祷告里才得应允,正如经上所说:「到了献晚祭的时候,先知 以利亚 近前来说:亚伯拉罕、以撒、以色列 的神耶和华啊,求你今日使人知道你是 以色列 的神,也知道我是你的仆人,又是奉你的命行这一切事。
<b>And Rabbi Ḥelbo said</b> that <b>Rav Huna said: One must always be vigilant with regard to the afternoon prayer, as Elijah’s</b> prayer <b>was only answered in the afternoon prayer, as it is stated: “And it was at the time of the afternoon offering that Elijah the Prophet came near, and he said:</b> Lord, God of Abraham, Isaac and Israel, let it be known on this day that You are God in Israel, and that I am Your servant, and that I have done all these things at Your word.
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耶和华啊,求你应允我,应允我,使这民知道你耶和华是神」(列王纪上 18:36–37)。
<b>Answer me, Lord, answer me,</b> that this people will know that You, Lord, are God” (I Kings 18:36–37).
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以利亚 既是在午后的祷告里得了应允,那一祷便格外有分量。
Because Elijah was answered in the afternoon prayer, it has particular significance.
朱「午后的祷告」与经文的「献晚祭的时候」在原文同用 minḥa 一词:那既是午后的献祭时辰,也是午后那一祷的名。中文分作两说,「祷告的时辰即献祭的时辰」这一层便断了——而这正是全段立论所在。
6b.27
推论
顺带解「应允我,应允我」为何重说:前一次求天上降火,后一次求以色列不说这是巫术。
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顺带一说,革玛拉 解 以利亚 何以要重说「耶和华啊,求你应允我,应允我」:前一个「应允我」求的是有火从天降下;后一个「应允我」求的是 以色列 全然信服神,不说那从天降下的火是巫术所为。
In passing, the Gemara explains why it was necessary for Elijah to repeat, “answer me, Lord, answer me”: The first <b>answer me</b> was the request <b>that fire descend from the heavens, while</b> the second <b>answer me</b> was the request <b>that</b> Israel should accept complete faith in God and <b>not say that</b> the fire descending from the heavens <b>was an act of sorcery.</b>
6b.28
引证
拉比约哈难 说晚祷也当谨守,据诗篇 141:2;拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 说晨祷也当谨守,据诗篇 5:4。
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拉比约哈难 说:晚间的祷告也当谨守,正如经上所说:「愿我的祷告如香陈列在你面前,愿我举手祈求如献晚祭」(诗篇 141:2)。
<b>Rabbi Yoḥanan</b> said: One must be vigilant <b>with regard to the evening prayer as well, as it is stated: “Let my prayer come forth as incense before You, the lifting of my hands as the evening offering”</b> (Psalms 141:2).
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拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 说:早晨的祷告也当谨守,正如经上所说:「耶和华啊,早晨你必听我的声音;早晨我必向你陈明我的心意,并要警醒」(诗篇 5:4)。
<b>Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said:</b> One must be vigilant <b>with regard to the morning prayer as well, as it is stated: “Lord, in the morning You shall hear my voice; in the morning I will order my prayer unto You and will look forward”</b> (Psalms 5:4).
6b.29
引证
拉比赫尔波 传 拉夫胡纳 说:受了新郎筵席的好处而不使他欢喜的人,犯了那一节所列的五声,据耶利米书 33:11。注家说:这五声与西奈授律时的五声相当。
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拉比赫尔波 又说,拉夫胡纳 说过:凡受了新郎筵席的好处、却不使他欢喜的人,就犯了这一节所列的五种声音,正如经上所说:「必再听见有欢喜和快乐的声音、新郎和新妇的声音,并听见有人说:要称谢万军之耶和华,因耶和华本为善,他的慈爱永远长存;又有人带感谢祭到耶和华的殿中。
<b>And Rabbi Ḥelbo said</b> that <b>Rav Huna said: Anyone who benefits from the feast of a groom but does not cause him to rejoice violates the five voices</b> mentioned in this verse, <b>as it is stated: “The voice of joy and the voice of gladness, the voice of the groom and the voice of the bride, and the voice of those who say: Give thanks to the Lord of hosts,</b> for the Lord is good, for His mercy lasts forever, even of those who bring a thanks-offering to the house of the Lord.
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因为我必使这地被掳的人归回,和起初一样,这是耶和华说的」(耶利米书 33:11)。
For I will restore the captivity of the land as it was in the beginning, says the Lord” (Jeremiah 33:11).
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论新妇新郎的这五声,与论 西奈 显现时的五声相当——因《雅歌》里以「他婚娶的日子」一语暗指 西奈 显现的那日(拉比约西亚·平托、马哈沙)。
These five voices in the context of a bride and groom correspond to the five voices mentioned in the context of the revelation at Sinai, as in Song of Songs, the day of the revelation at Sinai is alluded to by the phrase: His wedding day (Rabbi Yoshiyahu Pinto, Maharsha).
6b.30
解答
使新郎欢喜的赏是什么?拉比约书亚·本·利未 说:他配得那以五声所授的 妥拉——据出埃及记 19:16「有雷轰(众声)、闪电、密云、羊角号 声」与 19:19「羊角号 声渐渐高而又高,神有声音答应他」。
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他若使新郎欢喜,所得的赏是什么?
<b>What is his reward if he causes</b> the groom <b>to rejoice?</b>
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拉比约书亚·本·利未 说:他配得那以五声所授的 妥拉,正如经上所说:「到第三天早晨,在山上有 众声、闪电和密云,又有 羊角号 的声音甚大」(出埃及记 19:16)。
<b>Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: He is privileged</b> to acquire <b>the Torah, which was given with five voices, as it is stated: “And it was on the third day, when it was morning, there were sounds [<i>kolot</i>], and lightning and a thick cloud upon the mountain, and the voice of the <i>shofar</i>”</b> (Exodus 19:16).
朱和合本此处作「雷轰」,原文 众声 却是复数(字面「众声」)。整段计数全靠这个复数:复数至少算两声,加上「角声」是三声。中文若照和合本作「雷轰」,读者数不出这两声从何而来。
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众声 是复数,可见至少有两声;而「羊角号 的声音」又是一声。
The plural <i>kolot</i> indicates at least two sounds, while “the voice of the shofar” is one more.
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那一段接着说:「羊角号 的声音渐渐高而又高,摩西 就说话,神有声音答应他」(出埃及记 19:19)。
The passage continues: <b>“And when the voice of the <i>shofar</i></b> grew louder and louder, Moses spoke <b>and God answered him by a voice”</b> (Exodus 19:19).
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连上前面三声,这第二次的 羊角号 声与神答应 摩西 的那一声,合起来正是 西奈 显现时的五声。
Along with the three previous voices, the second shofar and the voice with which God answered Moses amount to a total of five voices at the revelation at Sinai.
6b.31
反驳
驳:出埃及记 20:15 又说「众百姓见雷轰、闪电、角声」,那样数下来,西奈的声音就多过五个了。
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革玛拉 问:果真如此么?
The Gemara asks: <b>Is this so?</b>
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岂不是另有一处写着:「众百姓见雷轰、火焰、角声」(出埃及记 20:15)?
<b>Isn’t it also written: “And the whole nation saw the voices</b> and the torches and the sound of the shofar” (Exodus 20:15)?
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这样看来,论 西奈 显现所提的声音显然多过五个。
Clearly more than five voices are mentioned with regard to the revelation at Sinai.
6b.32
解答
答:那几声是在授 妥拉 之前发的,不算在这个数里。
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革玛拉 答:那几声是在授 妥拉 之前发的,所以不算在这个数里。
The Gemara answers: <b>Those voices were</b> sounded <b>prior to the giving of the Torah,</b> so they are not included in this calculation of voices.
6b.33
引证
另两说所赏:拉比阿巴胡 说如同献了感谢祭;拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 说如同重建了耶路撒冷一处荒场——两说都取自上引耶利米书那一节的后文。
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拉比阿巴胡 说:使新郎欢喜所得的赏,与在圣殿里献了感谢祭一样,因为上面所引耶利米书那一节后文说:「又有人带感谢祭到耶和华的殿中。」
<b>Rabbi Abbahu said:</b> The reward for causing a groom to rejoice <b>is</b> the same <b>as if one had offered a thanks-offering</b> in the Temple, for <b>as it is stated</b> later in the previously cited verse from Jeremiah: <b>“Those who bring a thanks-offering to the house of the Lord.”</b>
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拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 说:使新郎欢喜所得的赏,与重建了 耶路撒冷 一处荒场一样,因为那同一节后文说:「因为我必使这地被掳的人归回,和起初一样。」
<b>And Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said:</b> The reward for causing a groom to rejoice is the same <b>as if one rebuilt one of Jerusalem’s ruins, as it is stated</b> later in the same verse: <b>“For I will restore the captivity of the land as it was in the beginning.”</b>
6b.34
引证
拉比赫尔波 传 拉夫胡纳 说:人若有敬畏天的心,他的话必被听从,据传道书 12:13「总意就是敬畏神,谨守他的诫命,这是人所当尽的本分」。
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拉比赫尔波 又说,拉夫胡纳 说过:人若有敬畏天的心,他的话必被人听从,正如经上所说:「这一切事都已听见了,总意就是敬畏神,谨守他的诫命,这是人所当尽的本分」(传道书 12:13)。
<b>And Rabbi Ḥelbo said</b> that <b>Rav Huna said: Any person who has the fear of Heaven, his words are heeded, as it is stated: “The end of the matter, all having been heard: Fear God,</b> and keep His commandments; for this is all of man” (Ecclesiastes 12:13).
朱「敬畏天」原文作 yirat shamayim:拉比文献以「天」讳称神,故这话是「敬畏神」。中文照字面作「敬畏天」,读者容易读成敬畏苍天;而若直接译作「敬畏神」,那份不直呼其名的敬慎又不见了。
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革玛拉 解道:「这一切事都已听见了」,指的正是那「谨守他的诫命、尽人所当尽本分」之人的话。
The Gemara explains: “The end of the matter, all having been heard,” refers to the words of one “who keeps His commandments; for this is all of man.”
6b.35
提问
问那一节末句「这是人所当尽的本分」何解。拉比以利亚撒 答:神论到这人说,全世界受造,单为这一个人。
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论到这一节的末句,革玛拉 问:「这是人所当尽的本分」是什么意思?
With regard to the end of this verse, the Gemara asks: <b>What is</b> meant by, <b>“for this is all of man”?</b>
朱原文 כִּי זֶה כָּל הָאָדָם 字面是「因为这就是全人」,故下面几说都从「全」字上着力:全世界只为这一人而造、这一人抵得全世界。中文的「人所当尽的本分」是和合本的解释性译法,那个「全人」的字面便看不出来,接下来三段的推论也就悬在半空。
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拉比以利亚撒 说:神论到这人说:全世界受造,单是为着这一个人。
<b>Rabbi Elazar said: The Holy One, Blessed be He, said</b> about him: <b>The entire world was created only for this</b> person.
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这样的人,正是「全人」所指的那一位。
This is the ultimate person for which all of man was created.
6b.36
引证
又两说:拉比阿巴·巴尔·卡哈纳 说这一人抵得全世界;拉比西缅·本·阿扎伊(一说 拉比西缅·本·佐马)说全世界受造是为给他作伴。
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拉比阿巴·巴尔·卡哈纳 说:这一节的末句是教人知道,这一个人抵得上全世界——就是那「全人」的意思。
<b>Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said:</b> The end of this verse teaches that <b>this is equivalent to the entire world,</b> all of man.
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拉比西缅·本·阿扎伊 说(也有人说是 拉比西缅·本·佐马 说的):不但他抵得上全世界,全世界受造更是为给他作伴——使他有人群可居、有人可与之往来。
<b>Rabbi Shimon ben Azzai, and some say Rabbi Shimon ben Zoma, says:</b> Not only is he the equivalent of the entire world, but <b>the entire world was created</b> to serve <b>as companions for him,</b> so that he would have a society in which to live and with which to interact.
6b.37
引证
本叶末段:拉比赫尔波 传 拉夫胡纳 说,知道人素常向自己问安的,当先向他问安,据诗篇 34:15「寻求和睦,一心追赶」;人问了安而不还礼的,称为强盗,据以赛亚书 3:14。
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拉比赫尔波 又说,拉夫胡纳 说过:人若知道另一个人素常向自己问安,那么他不但当还礼,更当先向那人问安,正如经上所说:「寻求和睦,一心追赶」(诗篇 34:15)。
<b>And Rabbi Ḥelbo said</b> that <b>Rav Huna said: One who is aware that another</b> person <b>is accustomed to greet him</b> is not only obligated to return his greeting, but <b>he</b> must <b>greet him first, as it is stated: “Seek peace and pursue it”</b> (Psalms 34:15).
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那人若已向他问安而他不答,他就称为强盗,正如经上所说:「你们吞吃葡萄园的,抢夺穷人的财物都在你们家中」(以赛亚书 3:14)。
<b>If</b> the other person <b>extended</b> his <b>greeting to him and he did not respond, he is called a robber, as it is stated: “It is you who have eaten up the vineyard, the spoils of the poor is in your houses”</b> (Isaiah 3:14).
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一无所有的穷人,唯一能被抢的就是他的体面——不还他的问安,就是抢了这个。
The only way to steal from a pauper who owns nothing is to rob him of his dignity by refusing to return his greeting.