接上文所引之据:「惟耶和华是真神」(耶利米书 10:10)。
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「惟耶和华是真神」(耶利米书 10:10)。
“And the Lord, God, is True” (Jeremiah 10:10).
← 祝祷卷总目·第二章 他正读诵时
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 4 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
接上文所引之据:「惟耶和华是真神」(耶利米书 10:10)。
「惟耶和华是真神」(耶利米书 10:10)。
“And the Lord, God, is True” (Jeremiah 10:10).
《听》末段连着后一祝的头一词收作「耶和华你们的神是真实的」——那么起《真实而坚定》时,那个「真实」要不要再念一遍?
《听》 末一段连着其后那一祝的头一个词,收作「耶和华你们的神是真实的」;于是有此一问:人起 《真实而坚定》 那一祝的时候,要把 真实 再念一遍呢,还是不再念?
After the conclusion of the final paragraph of Shema along with the first word of the subsequent blessing, with the words: “The Lord, your God, is True [Hashem Eloheikhem emet],” the question is posed: Does one repeat emet when he begins the blessing of emet veyatziv, or does he not repeat emet?
原文那一句作 ה׳ אֱלֹהֵיכֶם אֱמֶת,末一词 אֱמֶת 既是《听》末段的收尾,又是其后那一祝的开首——所争的正是这一个词该念一遍还是两遍。中文既把它译作「真实」,「同一个词身兼两处」这层便淡了。
拉比阿巴胡 说 拉比约哈难 说:要再念。拉巴 说:不再念。有人在 拉巴 面前领祷,念了两遍「真实、真实」,拉巴 讥之曰:这人被每一个「真实」都逮住了。
拉比阿巴胡 说 拉比约哈难 说:要把 真实 再念一遍。
Rabbi Abbahu said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: He repeats emet.
拉巴 说:不再念。
Rabba said: He does not repeat emet.
革玛拉 记道:有一个人下去在 拉巴 面前领会众祷告,拉巴 听见他把 真实 一词接连念了两遍。
The Gemara relates: This person who descended to lead the service before Rabba, Rabba heard that he said emet, emet twice.
拉巴 便讥笑他说:这人被每一个 真实、真实 都逮住了——想必他于求真一事极其热心。
Rabba mocked him and said: Every emet, emet has caught this one; he must be passionate about the pursuit of truth.
拉夫约瑟 说:我所听见的这一条传述何等好——拉夫撒母耳·巴尔·犹大从以色列地来说,那边晚祷不诵繸子全段(夜间无系繸子之责),只诵首尾的节略:「你晓谕以色列人……我是耶和华你们的神,是真实的」。
拉夫约瑟 说:我所听见的这一条传述何等好——拉夫撒母耳·巴尔·犹大 从 以色列地 来到巴比伦时说:在 以色列地,晚祷时人不诵 《听》 第三段全段——那一段说的是繸子,而夜间本无系繸子之责。
Rav Yosef said: How excellent is this tradition that I heard, as when Rav Shmuel bar Yehuda came from Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia he said: In Eretz Yisrael, at the evening prayer they do not recite the entire third portion of Shema, which deals with ritual fringes, as there is no obligation to wear ritual fringes at night.
他们只诵那一段的节略,取其起首一截与末了一截:「你晓谕 以色列 人,叫他们……我是耶和华你们的神,是真实的」(民数记 15:38、15:41)。
Rather, they say a condensed version of that portion that includes an excerpt from the beginning and an excerpt from the end: “Speak to the children of Israel and say to them…I am the Lord, your God, True” (Numbers 15:38, Numbers 15:41).
阿巴耶 诘之:这条传述好在哪里?拉夫卡哈纳 说 拉夫 说:夜间不该起头诵繸子一段,起了头就当诵完。你若说「你晓谕以色列人」不算起头——拉夫撒母耳·巴尔·以撒说 拉夫 说,「你晓谕以色列人」不算起头(妥拉多处如此开篇),「对他们说」才算。
阿巴耶 对他说:这条传述好在哪里?
Abaye said to him: What is excellent about this tradition?
拉夫卡哈纳 岂不曾说 拉夫 说:夜间不该起头诵繸子那一段;他若已起了头,就当诵完?
Didn’t Rav Kahana say that Rav said: One should not begin to recite the portion of ritual fringes at night, but if he does begin, he completes it?
你若说「你晓谕 以色列 人,叫他们」不算起头诵繸子那一段——拉夫撒母耳·巴尔·以撒 岂不曾说 拉夫 说:「你晓谕 以色列 人」不算起头,因为 妥拉 里多处都这样开篇;「对他们说」才算起头?
And if you say that: Speak to the children of Israel and say to them, is not considered the beginning of the portion of ritual fringes, didn’t Rav Shmuel bar Yitzḥak say that Rav said: Speak to the children of Israel, is not considered a beginning of the portion of ritual fringes, as many passages in the Torah begin this way; and say to them, is considered a beginning.
拉夫帕帕 说:在以色列地,他们以为连「对他们说」也不算起头,须诵到「叫他们做繸子」才算。
拉夫帕帕 说:在 以色列地,他们以为连「对他们说」也不算起头,须等他诵到「叫他们……做繸子」才算。
Rav Pappa said: In Eretz Yisrael, they hold that and say to them, is not considered a beginning, until he said: And make for them ritual fringes.
阿巴耶 说:既然以色列地那边已起了头,我们也起头诵;既起了头,就照 拉夫卡哈纳 所传 拉夫 之说诵完。
阿巴耶 说:既然如此,我们也起头诵繸子那一段,因为 以色列地 那边本就起头诵的。
Abaye said: Therefore, we begin to recite the portion of ritual fringes, since they begin to recite it in Eretz Yisrael.
而我们既起了头,也就把它诵完,正如 拉夫卡哈纳 说 拉夫 说:夜间不该起头诵繸子那一段;他若已起了头,就当诵完。
And once we begin to recite it, we complete it as well, as Rav Kahana said that Rav said: One should not begin to recite the portion of ritual fringes at night, but if he does begin, he completes it.
希亚·巴尔·拉夫说:晚间诵繸子一段而收于「我是耶和华你们的神」的,须诵《真实而信实》与整段救赎之祝;未诵那一句的,就不必诵。
希亚·巴尔·拉夫 说:人在晚间诵了繸子那一段,收于「我是耶和华你们的神」的,就须诵 《真实而信实》 与整段救赎之祝。
Ḥiyya bar Rav said: If in the evening one recited the portion of ritual fringes concluding with: I am the Lord, your God, he must recite: True and Faithful [emet ve’emuna], and the entire blessing of redemption.
他若没有诵「我是耶和华你们的神」这一句,便不必诵 《真实而信实》。
However, if he did not recite: I am the Lord, your God, he need not recite emet ve’emuna.
问:夜间岂不也当提起出埃及一事么?
革玛拉 问:他在夜间岂不也当提起出 埃及 一事么?
The Gemara asks: Isn’t he required to mention the exodus from Egypt at night as well?
答:他以一段较短的话代《真实而信实》——「我们称谢你,耶和华我们的神,你领我们出埃及,救我们脱离为奴之家,在海上为我们行奇事大能,我们就向你歌唱」——其中已含《真实而信实》的全部意思。
革玛拉 答:他不诵 《真实而信实》,却诵这一段较短的话:我们称谢你,耶和华我们的神,你领我们出 埃及,救我们脱离为奴之家,又在海上为我们行奇事大能,我们就向你歌唱——这一式里已含着 《真实而信实》 所有的内容。
The Gemara responds: In place of reciting emet ve’emuna he said the following shorter passage: We give thanks to You, Lord, our God, Who took us out from Egypt and redeemed us from the house of bondage, and performed miracles and mighty deeds on our behalf on the sea, and we sang unto You, as this formula includes all of the content comprising emet ve’emuna.
密释纳里 拉比约书亚·本·库尔哈 说:《听》何以在《你们若留意听》之先?为的是先领受天国之轭,然后才领受诸诫之轭。
密释纳里我们学过:拉比约书亚·本·库尔哈 说:《听》 那一段何以在 《你们若留意听》 之先?
We learned in the mishna: Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa said: Why did the portion of Shema precede that of VeHaya im Shamoa?
为的是人先把天国之轭领受在自己身上,然后才领受诸诫之轭。
So that one will first accept upon himself the yoke of the kingdom of Heaven and only then accept upon himself the yoke of the mitzvot.
巴拉伊塔载 拉比西缅·本·约哈伊 另出一解:《听》该在《你们若留意听》之先,因前者说「学」而后者说「教」;《你们若留意听》该在《耶和华晓谕》之先,因前者说「教」而后者(繸子一段)说「行」。
一段 《巴拉伊塔》 里,拉比西缅·本·约哈伊 就 《听》 各段的次序另出一解。
It was taught in a baraita that Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai offers a different explanation for the order of the portions of Shema.
他说:按理,《听》 该在 《你们若留意听》 之先,因为 《听》 那一段里有「学」这一层吩咐,而 《你们若留意听》 里有「教」这一层吩咐。
He says: By right, Shema should precede VeHaya im Shamoa because the Shema includes the directive to learn, while VeHaya im Shamoa includes the directive to teach.
照样,《你们若留意听》 该在 《耶和华晓谕》——就是 《听》 末一段——之先,因为 《你们若留意听》 里有「教」这一层吩咐,而繸子那一段里有「行」这一层吩咐。
Similarly, VeHaya im Shamoa should precede VaYomer, the final paragraph of Shema, because VeHaya im Shamoa includes the directive to teach, while the portion of ritual fringes includes the directive to perform.
驳曰:难道《听》里只有「学」而无「教」与「行」?那里明写着「教训你的儿女」、「系在手上为记号」、「写在门框上」。《你们若留意听》里也明写着「系在手上为记号」。
革玛拉 问:这样说来,《听》 那一段里只有「学」这一层吩咐,没有「教」与「行」么?
The Gemara asks: Is that to say that the portion of Shema contains the directive to learn but it does not contain the directive to teach and perform?
那里岂不写着「也要殷勤教训你的儿女」(申命记 6:7)——这是「教」;又写着「也要系在手上为记号」(申命记 6:8)、「又要写在你房屋的门框上」(申命记 6:9)——这都是「行」?
Isn’t it written: “And you shall teach them to your children” (Deuteronomy 6:7), a directive to teach, as well as: “And you shall bind them as a sign upon your arm” (Deuteronomy 6:8) and: “And write them on your door posts of your house” (Deuteronomy 6:9), directives to perform?
再者,《你们若留意听》 那一段里只有「教」这一层吩咐,没有「行」么?
Furthermore, does VeHaya im Shamoa contain the directive to teach but it does not contain the directive to perform?
那里岂不写着「也要系在手上为记号」(申命记 11:18)——这正是「行」?
Isn’t it written: “And you shall bind them as a sign upon your arm” (Deuteronomy 11:18), a directive to perform?
故 拉比西缅·本·约哈伊 之意其实是:《听》兼有学、教、行三层,《你们若留意听》有教与行两层,《耶和华晓谕》只有行一层——故次序如此。
其实 拉比西缅·本·约哈伊 的意思是这样:按理,《听》 那一段该在 《你们若留意听》 之先,因为 《听》 里兼有「学」「教」「行」三层吩咐,而 《你们若留意听》 里只有「教」与「行」两层。
Rather, Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai said as follows: By right, the portion of Shema should precede VeHaya im Shamoa because the portion of Shema includes the directives to learn, to teach, and to perform, while VeHaya im Shamoa includes the directives to teach and to perform.
《你们若留意听》 该在 《耶和华晓谕》 之先,因为 《你们若留意听》 里有「教」与「行」两层,而 《耶和华晓谕》 里只有「行」这一层。
VeHaya im Shamoa should precede VaYomer because VeHaya im Shamoa includes the directives to teach and to perform, while VaYomer only includes the directive to perform.
问:《听》居先,从 拉比约书亚·本·库尔哈 那一说不就推出来了么?答:他是又出一说,并非驳前说——一则为先受天国之轭,二则因《听》兼含那几层。
革玛拉 问:《听》 那一段所以居先,从 拉比约书亚·本·库尔哈 那一说不就推得出来么?
The Gemara asks: Let him derive this, that the portion of Shema is recited first, from the statement of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa.
革玛拉 答:他是说了一个缘故,又说一个。
The Gemara responds: He stated one reason and another.
拉比西缅·本·约哈伊 并不驳 拉比约书亚·本·库尔哈,不过是另添一解罢了:《听》 所以居先,一则是要人先把天国之轭领受在身上,然后才受诸诫之轭;二则是因为 《听》 那一段里还兼含着那几层吩咐。
Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai does not disagree with Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa; he simply suggested as additional explanation as follows: One reason the portion of Shema is recited first is so that one will first accept the yoke of the kingdom of Heaven upon himself and afterward the yoke of the mitzvot; and the second reason is because the portion of Shema contains these other elements as well.
记 拉夫 的次序:洗手、诵《听》、系经匣、祷告。问:这怎么行?巴拉伊塔说掘墓者免诵《听》、免祷告、免经匣与诸诫;到了诵《听》之时,他出来洗手、系经匣、诵《听》、祷告——次序不同。
革玛拉 记道:拉夫 洗手、诵 《听》、系 经匣、祷告,次序如此。
The Gemara relates: Rav washed his hands, recited Shema, donned phylacteries, and prayed in that order.
革玛拉 问:他怎能这样行?
The Gemara asks: How could he do that?
一段 《巴拉伊塔》 岂不是这样教的:人在家族墓穴的壁上为死人掘墓,免诵 《听》、免祷告、免系 经匣,妥拉 所载诸诫也都免了。
Wasn’t it taught in a baraita: One who digs a grave for the dead in the wall of the family burial cave is exempt from the recitation of Shema, from prayer, from phylacteries, and from all mitzvot mentioned in the Torah.
到了当诵 《听》 的时候,他从穴里出来,洗手、系 经匣、诵 《听》,然后祷告。
When the appointed time for the recitation of Shema arrives, he emerges from the cave, washes his hands, dons phylacteries, recites Shema, and prays.
未理正题以前,革玛拉 先说:这段巴拉伊塔自身就费解——前半说掘墓者免诵《听》,后半却说他当出来诵。
还没理会那正题,革玛拉 先说:这段 《巴拉伊塔》 自身就费解,前后像是相违。
Before clarifying the problem, the Gemara comments: This baraita itself is difficult; it appears to be contradictory.
《巴拉伊塔》 前半说掘墓的人免诵 《听》,后半却说他当出来诵 《听》。
The first clause of the baraita stated that one digging a grave is exempt from the recitation of Shema, and the latter clause stated that he is obligated to emerge and recite Shema
答:这不费解。后半说的是两人同掘——一人停下诵《听》,一人接着掘;前半说的是一人独掘,他不可停。
革玛拉 答:这不费解。
The Gemara responds: That is not difficult.
《巴拉伊塔》 后半说的是两个人同掘一墓:一人停下来诵 《听》,另一人接着掘。
The latter clause of the baraita refers to a case of two individuals digging the grave together; one pauses to recite Shema while the other continues digging.
《巴拉伊塔》 前半说的是一个人独自掘墓,他就不可停下。
The first clause of the baraita refers to a case of one individual digging alone, who may not stop.
无论如何,这巴拉伊塔的次序与 拉夫 相违。答:拉夫 从 拉比约书亚·本·库尔哈 之说——天国之轭当先,诸诫之轭在后;故先诵《听》,后系经匣。
无论如何,就诸诫先后的次序而论,这段 《巴拉伊塔》 与 拉夫 所行相违。
In any case, this baraita contradicts Rav in terms of the order in which the mitzvot are performed.
革玛拉 答:拉夫 从 拉比约书亚·本·库尔哈 之说——他说领受天国之轭当在先,然后才领受诸诫之轭。
The Gemara responds: Rav holds in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa, who said that the acceptance of the yoke of the kingdom of Heaven takes precedence and should come first, followed by the acceptance of the yoke of the mitzvot.
所以 拉夫 先诵 《听》,然后才系 经匣。
Therefore, Rav first recited Shema, and only then donned phylacteries.
驳曰:拉比约书亚·本·库尔哈 说的是「诵天国之轭那一段当先于诵别段」;你何曾听他说过 哈拉哈 要「诵」先于「行」?
革玛拉 诘之:就算 拉比约书亚·本·库尔哈 说过,诵那论领受天国之轭的一段当先于诵别的段落。
The Gemara challenges: Say that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa said to give precedence to recitation of the portion concerning the acceptance of the yoke of the kingdom of Heaven over recitation of other portions.
可你何曾听他说过,哈拉哈 要把「诵」摆在「行」之先呢?
But did you hear him say the halakha gives precedence to recitation over performance?
再者,拉夫 果真从 拉比约书亚·本·库尔哈 么?拉夫希亚·巴尔·阿希说:我多次立于 拉夫 前,见他先洗手、诵祝、讲课、系经匣,然后才诵《听》。你若说那是诵《听》之时未到,那这一证又有何用?
再者,拉夫 果真从 拉比约书亚·本·库尔哈 之说么?
And furthermore, does Rav really hold in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa?
拉夫希亚·巴尔·阿希 岂不曾说:我多次立在 拉夫 面前,见他先洗手、诵一段祝祷、把本课讲给我们、系上 经匣,然后才诵 《听》?
But didn’t Rav Ḥiyya bar Ashi say: Many times I stood before Rav, and he first washed his hands, recited a blessing, taught us our lesson, donned phylacteries, and then recited Shema.
你若说:那是因为诵 《听》 的时候还没有到,所以他先系了 经匣——那么 拉夫希亚·巴尔·阿希 这一番作证又有什么用处呢?
And if you say: This was when the time for the recitation of Shema had not yet arrived and that is why he donned his phylacteries first, then what is the point of the testimony of Rav Ḥiyya bar Ashi?
答:拉夫希亚·巴尔·阿希那一段所要排除的,是「研习密释纳不必诵妥拉之祝」那一说——它教我们:连密释纳也须先诵祝。
革玛拉 答:拉夫希亚·巴尔·阿希 所记那一件,是要排除那位所说的——研习 《密释纳》 不必先诵论 妥拉 的祝祷。
The Gemara responds: Rav Ḥiyya bar Ashi’s story comes to exclude the opinion of the one who said that one need not recite the blessing on Torah study for the study of mishna.
它所教我们的是:连研习 《密释纳》,也须先诵一段祝祷。
It teaches us that even for mishna, one must recite a blessing.
无论如何,那巴拉伊塔于 拉夫 仍是难处。答:是送经匣的人误了事,把经匣迟迟才送到,故 拉夫 按时诵了《听》,后来才系经匣。
无论如何,那段 《巴拉伊塔》 于 拉夫 仍是一处难解。
In any case this baraita is difficult for Rav.
革玛拉 答:是那送东西的人误了事,把 拉夫 的 经匣 迟迟才送来,所以 拉夫 按时诵了 《听》,后来才系上 经匣。
The Gemara responds: The messenger was at fault and brought Rav his phylacteries late, so Rav recited Shema at its appropriate time and later donned phylacteries.
论不带经匣而诵《听》:乌拉 说,那如同作了伪证害自己(拉比奴·约纳的门徒)。拉比希亚·巴尔·阿巴 说 拉比约哈难 说:那如同献燔祭而无素祭、献酬恩祭而无奠祭——虽已尽本分,所献却不全。
论到不带 经匣 而诵 《听》,乌拉 说:凡不带 经匣 而诵 《听》 的,如同作了伪证害自己——因为他在 《听》 里提到自己有系 经匣 之责,自己却没有系(拉比奴·约纳的门徒)。
With regard to the recitation of Shema without phylacteries, Ulla said: Anyone who recites Shema without phylacteries, it is as if he has borne false testimony against himself, as in Shema, he mentions his obligation to don phylacteries and in this case fails to don them himself (Talmidei Rabbeinu Yona).
拉比希亚·巴尔·阿巴 说 拉比约哈难 说:不带 经匣 而诵 《听》 的,如同献了燔祭却没有素祭,献了酬恩祭却没有奠祭。
Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: One who recites Shema without phylacteries, it is as if he has offered a burnt-offering without a meal-offering or a peace-offering without libations.
他虽已尽了本分,所献的却不全备。
Despite the fact that he fulfilled his obligation, his offering is incomplete.
拉比约哈难 又说:人若要把天国之轭完完全全领受在自己身上(下文接叶十五正)。
拉比约哈难 又说:人若要把天国之轭完完全全领受在自己身上
And Rabbi Yoḥanan said: One who seeks to accept upon himself the complete yoke of the kingdom of Heaven