或许它合的是 拉比犹大——聋哑者按理虽不可诵,事后所诵却算数?
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或许它合的是 拉比犹大 的意思:聋哑者 按理虽不可诵,事后所诵却算数?
Perhaps it is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, and although ab initio a deaf-mute may not read, after the fact his reading is valid?
← 祝祷卷总目·第二章 他正读诵时
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 7 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
或许它合的是 拉比犹大——聋哑者按理虽不可诵,事后所诵却算数?
或许它合的是 拉比犹大 的意思:聋哑者 按理虽不可诵,事后所诵却算数?
Perhaps it is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, and although ab initio a deaf-mute may not read, after the fact his reading is valid?
答:断不可作此想。所传的是「聋哑者、痴愚者、未成年者」一气连说——正见聋哑者与那二者同列;那二者连事后所诵也不算,聋哑者亦然。
革玛拉 答:这断不可作此想,因为所传的是「聋哑者、痴愚者、未成年者」——我们那段密释纳里一气连说,正是要见得 聋哑者 与 痴愚者、未成年者同列。
The Gemara responds: This could not enter your mind, as it was taught: A deaf-mute, an imbecile, and a minor, in one phrase in our mishna; to teach that a deaf-mute is similar to an imbecile and a minor.
既然 痴愚者 与未成年者连事后所诵也不算数,那么 聋哑者 所诵,连事后也不算数。
Just as in the case of an imbecile and a minor, even after the fact, their reading is not valid, so too the reading of a deaf-mute, even after the fact, is not valid.
驳这「同列即同理」之证:或许这一件是这一件,那一件是那一件——同列而已,各自情形未必相同,并列推不出定论。
革玛拉 驳这「同列即同理」的说法:或许这一件是这一件,那一件是那一件;虽同列一处,各自的情形未必相同,从并列推不出确凿的凭据。
The Gemara rejects this assertion based on their appearance in a common list: And perhaps this case is as it is and that case is as it is; although listed together, the circumstances of each case may be different, and no definite proof can be drawn from their juxtaposition.
又从别处驳:你真能把密释纳前半定为 拉比犹大 之说么?后半明说「拉比犹大 以未成年者为可诵」——可见前半不是他的意思。
革玛拉 从别的一面驳道:你真能把密释纳前半那一句定为 拉比犹大 的意思么?
The Gemara objects from a different perspective: And can you really establish that the first clause in the mishna is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda?
可是密释纳后半所教的是「拉比犹大 则以未成年者为可诵 以斯帖书卷」——由此反推,密释纳的开头岂不正不是 拉比犹大 的意思?
But from what was taught in the latter clause of the mishna: And Rabbi Yehuda deems a minor fit to read the Megilla, this proves by inference that the beginning of the mishna is not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda?
此驳亦可解:或许整段都是 拉比犹大 之说,而未成年者有两等;密释纳话不全,当补作——未及受训年岁的不可诵,已及者按理便可诵。他后半那句是申说,不是相驳。
革玛拉 也驳回这一诘:或许整段密释纳都合 拉比犹大 的意思,而未成年者原有两等;密释纳的话不全,当这样补足来读——人人都可诵 以斯帖书卷,唯有聋哑者、痴愚者、未成年者不可。
The Gemara rejects this challenge as well: And perhaps the entire mishna is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, and there are two types of minors, and the mishna is incomplete and it teaches as follows: All are fit to read the Megilla except a deaf-mute, an imbecile, and a minor.
这话是就哪一种情形说的呢?
In what case is this said?
是就那还没有到受训守诫年岁的未成年者说的。
With regard to a minor who has not yet reached the age of training to fulfill the mitzvot.
至于已到受训年岁的未成年者,连按理也可以诵 以斯帖书卷。
However in the case of a minor who has reached the age of training, even ab initio he is fit to read the Megilla.
这正是 拉比犹大 之说——他以未成年者为可诵;他后半那句话是要申说,不是要相驳。
This is the statement of Rabbi Yehuda, as Rabbi Yehuda deems a minor fit, and his statement here comes to elucidate and not to dispute.
问:你把密释纳定为谁的意思?拉比犹大——事后可、按理不可。那么 拉比西缅·本·帕齐 之子 拉比犹大 所传那段巴拉伊塔(聋者按理便可分举祭)又当如何?
革玛拉 问:你把这段密释纳定为合于谁的意思呢?
The Gemara asks: In accordance with whose opinion did you establish the mishna?
定为合于 拉比犹大——他以为事后是的,所诵算数;按理却不可,他不该诵。
In accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, who holds that after the fact, yes, his reading is valid, but ab initio, no, he may not read?
那么 拉比西缅·本·帕齐 之子 拉比犹大 所传那段 《巴拉伊塔》 又当如何?它说:能说话而不能听的聋者,按理便可分 举祭。
However, that baraita which was taught by Rabbi Yehuda, son of Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi: A deaf person who speaks but does not hear may, ab initio, separate teruma.
这段巴拉伊塔合于谁?既不合 拉比犹大(事后可、按理不可),也不合 拉比约西(连事后也不算)。
这段 《巴拉伊塔》 合于谁的意思呢?
In accordance with whose opinion is this baraita?
既不合 拉比犹大 的意思,也不合 拉比约西 的意思。
Neither the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda nor with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei.
因为你若说它是 拉比犹大 的意思——他岂不曾说:事后是的,他算尽了本分;按理却不可,他不能那样尽本分?
As, if you say that it is Rabbi Yehuda’s opinion, didn’t he say that after the fact, yes, he fulfilled his obligation, but ab initio, no, he may not fulfill his obligation in that manner?
你若说它是 拉比约西 的意思——他岂不曾说:连事后他也不算尽了本分?
And if you say that it is Rabbi Yosei’s opinion, didn’t he say that even after the fact he did not fulfill his obligation?
驳回此诘:那么你要怎样解——把它定为 拉比犹大 之说,连按理聋哑者也可尽本分么?可那段说《谢饭祷》不可在心里诵、诵了却算数的巴拉伊塔,又合于谁?
革玛拉 驳回这一诘:那么你要怎样解呢?把这段 《巴拉伊塔》 定为 拉比犹大 的意思,连按理 聋哑者 也可以尽本分么?
This Gemara rejects this objection: But rather, what, will you explain the baraita in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, and a deaf-mute is also fit to fulfill his obligation even ab initio?
可是另一段 《巴拉伊塔》 所教的——人不可只在心里诵 《谢饭祷》、诵得听不出声来;他若已这样诵了,仍算尽了本分——那一段又合于谁的意思呢?
However, that which was taught in a baraita: One may not recite the Grace after Meals in his heart, inaudibly, and if he recited the blessing in that manner, he fulfilled his obligation, in accordance with whose opinion is that baraita?
它既不合 拉比犹大(照此解他连按理也可),也不合 拉比约西(连事后也不算)。
它既不合 拉比犹大 的意思,也不合 拉比约西 的意思。
It is in accordance neither with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda nor with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei.
因为你若说它合 拉比犹大——他岂不曾说,连按理他也可以那样尽本分?
As if you say that it is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, didn’t he say that even ab initio he may fulfill his obligation in that manner?
你若说它合 拉比约西——他岂不曾说,连事后他也不算尽了本分?
And if you say that it is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei, didn’t he say that even after the fact he did not fulfill his obligation?
答:那段「聋者按理便可分举祭」其实合 拉比犹大,依他连按理也可;而说他按理不可诵《听》与《谢饭祷》的,不难解——一处是他自己的意思,一处是他师尊 拉比以利亚撒·本·亚撒利雅 的意思。
革玛拉 答:其实那段「聋者按理便可分 举祭」的 《巴拉伊塔》,仍可解作合 拉比犹大 的意思——依他,连按理 聋哑者 也可以这样行。
The Gemara responds: Actually, we can explain that the baraita: A deaf person may, ab initio, separate teruma, is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, according to whom a deaf-mute is also permitted to do so even ab initio.
至于那说他按理不可诵 《听》 与 《谢饭祷》 的一说,也不难解:一处是他自己的意思,一处是他师尊的意思。
With regard to the opinion expressed that he is prohibited to recite Shema and Grace after Meals ab initio, there is no difficulty, as this is his own opinion and that is his teacher’s opinion.
正如一段 《巴拉伊塔》 所教:拉比犹大 托 拉比以利亚撒·本·亚撒利雅 之名说:人诵 《听》 须诵得自己耳中听得见,正如经上所说:「以色列 啊,你要听:耶和华我们的神是独一的主。」那 《巴拉伊塔》 接着说:拉比梅伊尔 对他说:经上却说「我今日所吩咐你的,都要记在你心上」——意思是那些话要紧在心里的存意,纵是按理,人也不必把 《听》 诵出声来。
As it was taught in a baraita: Rabbi Yehuda said in the name of Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya: One who recites Shema must make it audible to his ears, as it is stated: “Hear, Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is One.” The baraita continues: Rabbi Meir said to him: But it says: “Which I command you this day, upon your heart”; meaning that the significance of the words follows the intention of the heart and even ab initio one need not recite Shema audibly.
那说聋者事后仍算尽了诵 《听》 本分的,正是 拉比以利亚撒·本·亚撒利雅 的意思。
The opinion that after the fact, a deaf person fulfilled his obligation to recite Shema is the opinion of Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya.
既已引全那段巴拉伊塔,纵说 拉比犹大 从其师之说,也不难解:不许按理诵《谢饭祷》那一段合 拉比犹大,许聋者按理分举祭那一段合 拉比梅伊尔。
革玛拉 指出:到了这一步,那段 《巴拉伊塔》 既已全引出来,纵使你说 拉比犹大 是从他师尊之说,也仍不难解。
The Gemara notes: Now that you have arrived at this point and the entire baraita has been cited, even if you say that Rabbi Yehuda holds in accordance with the opinion of his teacher, it is, nevertheless, not difficult.
因为那说人按理不可只在心里诵 《谢饭祷》、事后却算尽了本分的一段,合的是 拉比犹大 的意思;而那许聋者按理便可分 举祭 的一段,合的是 拉比梅伊尔 的意思。
As this baraita that holds that he may not recite Grace after Meals ab initio but after the fact he fulfilled his obligation is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, while this baraita permitting a deaf person to separate teruma ab initio is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir.
拉夫希斯达 说拉夫舍伊拉说:哈拉哈 从 拉比犹大 托 拉比以利亚撒·本·亚撒利雅 之名所说的,又从密释纳里 拉比犹大 之说。
拉夫希斯达 说 拉夫舍伊拉 说:哈拉哈 从 拉比犹大 托 拉比以利亚撒·本·亚撒利雅 之名所说的;哈拉哈 也从我们那段密释纳里所引 拉比犹大 之说。
Rav Ḥisda said that Rav Sheila said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda who said in the name of Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya, and the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda as cited in our mishna.
两句看似重复,其实缺一不可:若只说「从 拉比犹大」,我便要以为他连按理也许;故他又说「从 拉比犹大 托其师之名所说的」——按理须诵得自己听得见。
革玛拉 解说:这两句看似重复,其实缺一不可。因为 拉夫希斯达 若只告诉我们「哈拉哈 从 拉比犹大」,我便要照 革玛拉 上文所拟的那样,以为 拉比犹大 连按理也许人这样行。
The Gemara explains: And although that may seem redundant, both statements are necessary, as had Rav Ḥisda only taught us that the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, I would have said, as was suggested in the Gemara above, that Rabbi Yehuda permits to do so even ab initio.
所以他又告诉我们:哈拉哈 从 拉比犹大 托他师尊 拉比以利亚撒·本·亚撒利雅 之名所说的——按理,人诵 《听》 须诵得自己耳中听得见。
Therefore, he teaches us that the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda who said it in the name of his teacher, Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya; ab initio one must recite Shema in a manner audible to his own ears.
反过来,他若只说「从 拉比犹大 托其师之名所说的」,我便要以为「须诵得听得见」不单指按理,连事后也无可挽回;故他又说「从 拉比犹大」——事后所诵仍算数。
反过来,拉夫希斯达 若只告诉我们「哈拉哈 从 拉比犹大 托 拉比以利亚撒·本·亚撒利雅 之名所说的」,我便要以为「须诵得自己听得见」这一句不单指按理当如此,连事后若没有这样行,也无可挽回。
And had Rav Ḥisda only taught us that the halakha is in accordance with Rabbi Yehuda in the name of Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya, I would have said that the phrase: Must make it audible, means not only must he recite it that way ab initio, but also after the fact he has no remedy if he failed to do so.
所以他又告诉我们:哈拉哈 从 拉比犹大 之说——按理,人诵 《听》 须诵得自己耳中听得见;他若没有这样行,事后所诵仍算数。
Therefore, he teaches us that the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda; ab initio one must recite Shema in a manner audible to his own ears, but if he failed to do so, after the fact his recitation is valid.
拉夫约瑟 说:聋者算不算尽本分,这一争单在诵《听》一事上;至于别的诫命,人皆以为他若听不见自己所诵便不算——据申命记 27:9「以色列啊,你要留心听」。
拉夫约瑟 说:聋者算不算尽了本分,这一争单在诵 《听》 这一件上;至于其余的诫命,人人都以为他若听不见自己所诵的,便不算尽了本分,正如经上所写:「以色列 啊,你要默默静听」(申命记 27:9)——意思是人须留心而听。
Rav Yosef said: The dispute as to whether or not a deaf person fulfills his obligation is only in the case of the recitation of Shema, but with regard to the rest of the mitzvot, everyone agrees that he does not fulfill his obligation if he does not hear his recitation, as it is written: “Pay attention, and hear, Israel” (Deuteronomy 27:9); meaning that one is required to listen and hear.
以巴拉伊塔驳之:《谢饭祷》不可在心里诵,诵了却算数——可见别的诫命上,须听见也只是按理而已。故 拉夫约瑟 之说当改作:这一争单在诵《听》(因经上说「你要听」),别的诫命上人皆以为聋哑者算尽了本分。
革玛拉 就一段 《巴拉伊塔》 所教的驳道:人不可只在心里诵 《谢饭祷》、诵得听不出声来;他若已这样诵了,仍算尽了本分。
The Gemara objects based on what was taught in a baraita: One may not recite the Grace after Meals in his heart, inaudibly, and if he recited the blessing in that manner, he fulfilled his obligation.
在这一件「其余诫命」的例子上,须听见自己所诵,也不过是按理如此而已。
In this example of the rest of the mitzvot, the obligation to hear the recitation of the blessing is only ab initio.
所以 拉夫约瑟 那句话须改过来说。
Rather, Rav Yosef’s statement must be emended.
他若说过这话,所说的当是这样——拉夫约瑟 说:聋者算不算尽了本分,这一争单在诵 《听》 这一件上,因为经上写着「以色列 啊,你要听」;至于其余的诫命,人人都以为 聋哑者 算尽了本分。
If this was said, it was said as follows; Rav Yosef said: The dispute as to whether or not a deaf person fulfills his obligation is only in the case of the recitation of Shema, as it is written: “Hear, Israel.” But regarding the rest of the mitzvot, all agree that a deaf-mute fulfills his obligation.
问:经上岂不写着「以色列啊,你要留心静听」么?
革玛拉 问:经上岂不写着「以色列 啊,你要默默静听」么?
The Gemara asks: Isn’t it written: “Pay attention, and hear, Israel”?
答:那一节说的是妥拉之事——人当留心听妥拉里所写的。
革玛拉 答:那一节写的是 妥拉 之事——人当留心听 妥拉 里所写的。
The Gemara responds: That verse is written with regard to matters of Torah; one must pay close attention to what is written in the Torah.
密释纳所载两争:诵《听》而字母咬得不准的,拉比约西 说算、拉比犹大 说不算;诵而自己听不见的,首位坦拿说算、拉比约西 说不算。
密释纳里我们学过:人诵 《听》 而其中字母咬得不够准的,拉比约西 说:他算尽了本分。
We learned in the mishna: One who recited Shema and was not sufficiently precise in his enunciation of its letters, Rabbi Yosei says: He fulfilled his obligation.
拉比犹大 说:他不算尽了本分。
Rabbi Yehuda says: He did not fulfill his obligation.
照样,人诵 《听》 而自己耳中听不见的,算不算尽了本分,也有一争:那位不具名的首位 坦拿 说:他算尽了本分。
Similarly, there is a dispute whether or not one who recites Shema in a manner inaudible to his own ears fulfilled his obligation; the anonymous first tanna says: He fulfilled his obligation.
拉比约西 说:他不算尽了本分。
Rabbi Yosei says: He did not fulfill his obligation.
拉比塔维说 拉比约西亚 说:这两争都从宽的那一说为 哈拉哈。
拉比塔维 说 拉比约西亚 说:这两争里,从宽的那两说都定为 哈拉哈。
Rabbi Tavi said that Rabbi Yoshiya said: The halakha is in accordance with the statements in both disputes that rule leniently.
顺带引这一对贤哲的另一说:箴言 30:15–16「有三样不知足的……阴间和石胎」——阴间与子宫何干?答:子宫收进去又放出来,阴间也收进去又放出来,就是死人复活。
既引了这一对贤哲的一句话,革玛拉 便顺带引他们名下的另一句:拉比塔维 又说 拉比约西亚 说:经上写着「有三样不知足的……就是阴间和石胎」(箴言 30:15–16),是什么意思?
Incidental to citing one statement by this combination of Sages, the Gemara cites another statement in their name: And Rabbi Tavi said that Rabbi Yoshiya said: What is meant by that which is written: “There are three that are never satisfied…the grave and the barren womb” (Proverbs 30:15–16)?
我们要问:阴间与子宫有什么相干?
We have to ask: What does a grave have to do with a womb?
其实这样并列,正是要告诉你:子宫怎样收进去又放出来,阴间也怎样收进去又放出来——那便是死人复活。
Rather, this juxtaposition comes to tell you: Just as a womb takes in and gives forth, so too a grave takes in and gives forth with the resurrection of the dead.
岂不可作轻重推论?胎入子宫是暗暗的,出来时却有生产的大声;人入坟墓是有举哀大声的,出来时岂不更该有大声?由此驳倒那说妥拉里无死人复活之据的人。
这岂不可作一番轻重推论么?胎儿放进子宫里是暗暗的,婴孩出来时却带着生产的大声;那么人放进坟墓里既带着举哀的大声,出来时岂不更该带着大声么?
And is this not an a fortiori inference: Just as the fetus is placed into the womb in private, and the baby is removed from it with loud cries at childbirth; the grave into which the deceased is placed with loud cries of mourning at burial, is it not right that the body should be removed with loud cries?
从这一节,正可驳倒那些说 妥拉 里没有死人复活之据的人。
From this verse there is a refutation to those who say that there is no Torah source for the resurrection of the dead.
拉比奥沙亚 在 拉瓦 面前传一段巴拉伊塔:申命记 6:9「你要写在你房屋的门框上」那个「写」字,当读作「要写全」——门柱经匣与经匣里所写的须完完全全,连「当写」这类吩咐也要写进去。
拉比奥沙亚 在 拉瓦 面前传一段 《巴拉伊塔》:那一节「又要写在你房屋的门框上,并你的城门上」(申命记 6:9)里的「你要写它们」,当作「你要写全」来读,就是说要写得完完全全。
Rabbi Oshaya taught the following baraita before Rava: The verse, “And you shall write them [ukhtavtam] on the door posts of your house and your gates” (Deuteronomy 6:9), should be understood as though it were written: “And you shall write them completely [ukhtav tam],” i.e., in their entirety.
英译在此点出原文的一处拆读:וּכְתַבְתָּם(「你要写它们」)拆作 וּכְתַב תָּם(「你要写全」)——同一串字母,断处不同。中文的「写它们」与「写全」看不出是同一串字,这一拆全靠此注说明。
门柱经匣 与 经匣 里所写的须样样齐全,连「当写 门柱经匣 与 经匣」这类吩咐也要写进去。
Everything must be in writing in the mezuza or phylacteries, even the commands to write mezuzot and phylacteries.
拉瓦 问他:这段巴拉伊塔是谁教你的?那是 拉比犹大——他论疑行淫之妇的书卷说,只写咒诅,不写吩咐。那里经上作「祭司要写这咒诅」,故只写咒诅;这里作「你要写它们」,连吩咐也要写。
拉瓦 对他说:这段 《巴拉伊塔》 是谁说给你听的?
Rava said to him: Who said this baraita to you?
那是 拉比犹大——他论 疑行淫之妇 的书卷说:人只写那些咒诅,不写吩咐,也不写怎样给她喝那苦水。
It was Rabbi Yehuda, who said with regard to the scroll of the sota that one writes curses, but one does not write commands and instructions how to administer the potion to the sota.
依 拉比犹大,妥拉 在 门柱经匣 与 经匣 这里特特教说连吩咐也须写进去,正是要与 疑行淫之妇 那一处分别开来。
According to Rabbi Yehuda, in the case of mezuzot and phylacteries the Torah taught that even the commands must be written in order to distinguish it from sota.
在 疑行淫之妇 那里,经上写着:「祭司要写这咒诅的话在书卷上」(民数记 5:23)——只有那些咒诅记在书卷上,别的都不记。
There, in the case of the sota, it is written: “And the priest shall write [vekhatav] these curses in a scroll” (Numbers 5:23); only the curses are recorded in the scroll, and nothing more.
而在 门柱经匣 这里,经上写的是「你要写它们」——连那些吩咐也须一并写上。
But here in the case of mezuza, where it is written: “And you shall write them [ukhtavtam],” even the commands must also be written.
诘之:拉比犹大 只写咒诅的缘故,难道在于经上作「祭司要写」而非「你要写它们」么?他的缘故其实在「这咒诅」一语——咒诅要写,吩咐不写。若如此,门柱经匣那一条便不必从「你要写它们」推出,径从「妥拉未分那一段的各部分」便推得。
革玛拉 就此发问:难道说,拉比犹大 所以主张 疑行淫之妇 的书卷上只写咒诅,缘故是在于 疑行淫之妇 那一段作「祭司要写」,而不作「你要写它们」么?
The Gemara questions this: Is that to say Rabbi Yehuda’s reason for writing only the curses in the sota scroll is because the verse in the portion of sota says: “And the priest shall write [vekhatav],” as opposed to: “And you shall write them [ukhtavtam]”?
拉比犹大 的缘故其实在于 疑行淫之妇 那一段里写着「这咒诅」——意思是:咒诅,要写;吩咐,不写。
Rabbi Yehuda’s reason is because it is written in the portion of the sota: These curses, meaning curses, yes, they must be recorded; commands, no.
若他的理路是这样,那么 门柱经匣 这条诫命上「连吩咐也须写」一层,便不必从「你要写它们」一语推出。
If that is Rabbi Yehuda’s reasoning, there is no reason to derive the requirement to write the commands from the phrase: And you shall write them, in the case of the mitzva of mezuza.
径从「妥拉 并未把那一段的各部分分别开来」这一点,就推得出来了。
Derive it simply from the fact that the Torah did not distinguish between the various components of the portion.
答:「你要写它们」仍是必要的。不然人或以为可用同辞类推——此处的「写」比之彼处的「写」,彼处咒诅要写、吩咐不写,此处亦然。故妥拉特写「你要写全」,连吩咐也在内。
革玛拉 答:「你要写它们」这一语仍是必要的;不然你心里或要说:让我们用同辞类推来推吧——把这里所说的「写」,比之那里所说的「写」;那里既是咒诅要写、吩咐不写,这里也当如此。
The Gemara responds: “And you shall write them” was necessary, as otherwise it might have entered your mind to say: Let us derive it by means of a verbal analogy, writing mentioned here from writing mentioned there, that just as there curses, yes, commands, no; so too here, commands, no.
所以 妥拉 特特写下「你要写它们」,就是要写得完完全全,连那些吩咐也在内。
Therefore, the Torah wrote: And you shall write them in their entirety, even the commands.
拉夫俄巴底亚在 拉瓦 面前传一段巴拉伊塔:「你要殷勤教训你的儿女」(申命记 11:19)那个「教训」,教人所教须「全」——相邻两词若前词末字母与后词首字母相同,当留出间隙,各字念清。
同样,拉夫俄巴底亚 在 拉瓦 面前传一段 《巴拉伊塔》:经上所说「也要教训你们的儿女」(申命记 11:19)那个「教训」,是教人所教须「全」——两词相邻,若前一词的末字母与后一词的首字母相同,当在其间留出间隙。
On a similar note: Rav Ovadya taught a baraita before Rava: That which was stated: “And you shall teach them [velimadtem] to your children” (Deuteronomy 11:19) teaches that your teaching must be complete [tam] that one should leave space between adjacent words, where the last letter of the first and the first letter of the second are identical.
英译在此点出原文的一处解字:וְלִמַּדְתֶּם(「你们要教训」)与 תָּם(「全备」)字根相牵,故读出「所教须全」这一层。中文的「教训」与「全」看不出相牵,这一解全靠此注说明。
人须把两词分开,各字都念清楚。
One must distinguish between the words and enunciate each one clearly.
拉瓦 随之举例:如「עַל לְבָבֶךָ」须念清,不可黏作一词。此外「עַל לְבַבְכֶם」「בְּכׇל לְבָבְךָ」「בְּכׇל לְבַבְכֶם」「עֵשֶׂב בְּשָׂדְךָ」「וַאֲבַדְתֶּם מְהֵרָה」「הַכָּנָף פְּתִיל」「אֶתְכֶם מֵאֶרֶץ」皆然。
拉瓦 随即在他后面举例申说:譬如「עַל לְבָבֶךָ」须逐字念清,不可把两词黏作一个词念。
Rava responded after him by way of explanation: For example, one must enunciate al levavekha and not read them as one word.
此外「עַל לְבַבְכֶם」「בְּכׇל לְבָבְךָ」「בְּכׇל לְבַבְכֶם」「עֵשֶׂב בְּשָׂדְךָ」「וַאֲבַדְתֶּם מְהֵרָה」「הַכָּנָף פְּתִיל」「אֶתְכֶם מֵאֶרֶץ」也都如此。
So too, al levavkhem, bekhol levavekha, bekhol levavkhem, esev besadkha, va’avadtem mehera, hakanaf petil, and etkhem me’eretz.
此处用希伯来原文而不用罗马字:所议正是「前词末字母与后词首字母相同」,希伯来原文一摆出来便看得见(עַל 收于 ל 而 לְבָבֶךָ 起于 ל,余仿此),罗马字转写反而看不出字母相接。
因为前一词的末字母与后一词的首字母正是同一个,两词便容易连着念成一个,本来的意思也就含混了。
Because the last letter of the first word and the first letter of the second are identical, the words are liable to be enunciated together and the correct meaning is liable to be obscured.
拉比哈尼纳 之子 拉比哈马 说:诵《听》而字母咬得清楚的,革希嫩为他转凉——据诗篇 68:15,「散布」转读作「念清」,「在撒们」转读作「在死荫里」。
就着同一件事,拉比哈尼纳 之子 拉比哈马 说:凡诵 《听》 而把其中字母咬得清楚的,革希嫩 必为他转凉,正如经上所说:「全能者在境内赶散列王的时候,就如 撒们 下雪一般」(诗篇 68:15)。
On this same topic, Rabbi Ḥama, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, said: Anyone who recites Shema and is punctilious in enunciating its letters, Gehenna is cooled for him, as it is stated: “When the Almighty scatters [befares] kings over it, it will snow in Tzalmon” (Psalms 68:15).
不要读作「赶散」,要读作「念清」。
Do not read befares, When He scatters, but befaresh, When he enunciates.
原文那一处写作 בְּפָרֵשׂ(「赶散」),转读作 בְּפָרֵשׁ(「念清、分明说出」)——末一字母 שׂ 与 שׁ 只差一点。中文的「赶散」与「念清」毫不相干,这一转全靠此注说明。
人把神的名念得分明,神就为他成就那一句:必如下雪一般。
When one enunciates the name of God with precision, God will fulfill the verse: It will snow in Tzalmon, on his behalf.
又不要读作「在 撒们」,要读作「在死荫里」——那指的是 革希嫩。
Do not read beTzalmon, in Tzalmon, but betzalmavet, in the shadow of death, a reference to Gehenna.
בְּצַלְמוֹן(「在撒们」)转读作 בְּצַלְמָוֶת(「在死荫里」);和合本诗篇 23:4 正作「死荫的幽谷」。中文的地名与「死荫」毫不相干,这一转亦全靠此注。
人把神的名念得分明,所得之赏,就是神为他把 革希嫩 转凉。
As reward for enunciating God’s name precisely, God will cool Gehenna for him.
拉比哈尼纳 之子 拉比哈马 又问:何以(下文接叶十六正)。
拉比哈尼纳 之子 拉比哈马 又说:何以
Rabbi Ḥama, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, also said: Why were