(承叶三十五正面末)说地给了世人的那一节,说的是人诵了祝祷以后。
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至于那说他把地给了世人的一节,说的是人诵了祝祷以后。
and here, where it says that He gave the earth to mankind refers to after a blessing is recited.
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这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 3 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
(承叶三十五正面末)说地给了世人的那一节,说的是人诵了祝祷以后。
至于那说他把地给了世人的一节,说的是人诵了祝祷以后。
and here, where it says that He gave the earth to mankind refers to after a blessing is recited.
拉比哈尼纳·巴尔·帕帕说:不诵祝祷而从这世界得益,如同抢夺了神与以色列全会众——箴言 28:24「偷窃父母的」,「父」指神(申命记 32:6),「母」指以色列全会众(箴言 1:8「不可离弃你母亲的法则」)。
拉比哈尼纳·巴尔·帕帕 说:凡不诵祝祷就从这世界得益的,就如同抢夺了神与以色列全会众,正如经上所说:「偷窃父母的,说:这不是罪,此人就是与毁灭者为伴的。」(箴言 28:24)
Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa said: Anyone who derives benefit from this world without a blessing, it is as if he stole from God and the community of Israel, as it is stated: “Whoever robs his father and his mother and says: It is no transgression, he is the companion of a destroyer” (Proverbs 28:24).
所说的「父」,不是别的,正是神,因为经上说:「他岂不是你的父、将你买来的么?他是制造你、建立你的。」(申命记 32:6)
The phrase, his father, refers to none other than God, as it is stated: “Is He not your Father Who created you, Who made you and established you” (Deuteronomy 32:6).
所说的「母」,不是别的,正是以色列全会众,因为经上说:「我儿,要听你父亲的训诲,不可离弃你母亲的法则。」(箴言 1:8)
The phrase his mother refers to none other than the community of Israel, as it is stated: “Hear, my son, the discipline of your father, and do not forsake the Torah of your mother” (Proverbs 1:8).
妥拉既是从母亲口中出来的,可见你的母亲就是以色列全会众。
The mention of the Torah as emanating from the mouth of the mother, apparently means that your mother is the community of Israel.
「与毁灭者为伴」何解?与尼八之子耶罗波安为伴——他在天父面前败坏了以色列,自己犯罪,又使人犯罪。
那一节接下去说「此人就是与毁灭者为伴的」,是什么意思呢?
What is the meaning of the continuation of the verse: He is the companion of a destroyer?
拉比哈尼纳·巴尔·帕帕 说:他是与 尼八之子耶罗波安 为伴的——那人在天父面前败坏了以色列,自己犯罪,又使人犯罪。
Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa said: He is a companion of Jeroboam ben Nevat, who corrupted Israel before their Father in heaven by sinning and causing others to sin.
拉比哈尼纳·巴尔·帕帕设一相违:何西阿书 2:11 说「我的五谷」,申命记 11:14 却说「你的五谷」——五谷究竟属谁?
照样,革玛拉 引 拉比哈尼纳·巴尔·帕帕 所设的一处相违:经上写着:「我必到了日子收回我的五谷,到了时候收回我的新酒」(何西阿书 2:11),又写着:「你就可以收藏你的五谷、新酒和油」(申命记 11:14)。
On a similar note, the Gemara cites that Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa raised a contradiction: It is written, “I will take back My grain at its time and wine in its season” (Hosea 2:11), and it is written: “And you shall gather your grain, your wine and your oil” (Deuteronomy 11:14).
五谷究竟属谁:属神呢,还是属人呢?
To whom does the grain belong: To God, or to the people?
遵行神旨意的时候,五谷是他们的;不遵行的时候,神收回五谷,显明本是属他的。
革玛拉 答:这不难。
The Gemara responds: This is not difficult.
此处神应许以色列可以收藏他们的五谷,说的是他们遵行神旨意的时候。
Here, where God promises Israel that they will gather their grain, the verse refers to a time when they perform God’s will.
那处说五谷属神,说的是他们不遵行神旨意的时候——那时他必收回五谷,显明五谷本是属他的。
Here, where the verse indicates that the grain belongs to God, it refers to a time when they do not perform God’s will, as then He will take back the grain, demonstrating that it belongs to Him.
「你就可以收藏你的五谷」何用?约书亚记 1:8「昼夜思想」本可照字面讲,此节乃教人于妥拉之外也当照世人常道作工——这是拉比以实玛利的话。
贤哲们教说:经上说「你就可以收藏你的五谷」,是什么意思呢?
The Sages taught: What is the meaning of that which the verse states: “And you shall gather your grain”?
因为经上说:「这律法书不可离开你的口,总要昼夜思想」(约书亚记 1:8),我或以为这话当照字面讲——人当终日专一浸在妥拉里。
Because it is stated: “This Torah shall not depart from your mouths, and you shall contemplate in it day and night” (Joshua 1:8), I might have thought that these matters are to be understood as they are written; one is to literally spend his days immersed exclusively in Torah study.
所以经上说:「你就可以收藏你的五谷、新酒和油」——就着这些事,当照世人的常道而行:不单为妥拉留出时候,也当作工。
Therefore, the verse states: “And you shall gather your grain, your wine and your oil,” assume in their regard, the way of the world; set aside time not only for Torah, but also for work.
这是 拉比以实玛利 的话。
This is the statement of Rabbi Yishmael.
拉比西缅·本·约哈伊说:耕、种、割、打、簸各按其时,终年不得闲,妥拉可怎么办?故当专一委身于妥拉:遵行神旨意时,工有外人替作(以赛亚书 61:5);不遵行时,自己作工,甚至要替仇敌作工(申命记 28:48)。
拉比西缅·本·约哈伊 说:人若耕种的时候耕种、撒种的时候撒种、收割的时候收割、打场的时候打场、起风的时候簸扬——因为五谷是靠风与糠分开的——终日不得闲,妥拉可怎么办呢?
Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai says: Is it possible that a person plows in the plowing season and sows in the sowing season and harvests in the harvest season and threshes in the threshing season and winnows in the windy season, as grain is separated from the chaff by means of the wind, and is constantly busy; what will become of Torah?
所以人当撇下别的营生,专一委身于妥拉;因为以色列遵行神旨意的时候,他们的工有别人替他们作,正如经上所说:「那时,外人必起来牧放你们的羊群,外邦人必作你们耕种田地的、修理葡萄园的」(以赛亚书 61:5)。
Rather, one must dedicate himself exclusively to Torah at the expense of other endeavors; as when Israel performs God’s will, their work is performed by others, as it is stated: “And strangers will stand and feed your flocks, and foreigners will be your plowmen and your vinedressers” (Isaiah 61:5).
以色列不遵行神旨意的时候,他们的工就得自己作,正如经上所说:「你就可以收藏你的五谷」;不但如此,以色列若不遵行神旨意,连别人的工也要归他们作,正如经上所说:「所以你必在饥饿、干渴、赤露、缺乏之中,事奉耶和华所打发来攻击你的仇敌」(申命记 28:48)。
When Israel does not perform God’s will, their work is performed by them themselves, as it is stated: “And you shall gather your grain.” Moreover, if Israel fails to perform God’s will, others’ work will be performed by them, as it is stated: “You shall serve your enemy whom God shall send against you, in hunger, in thirst, in nakedness and in want of all things” (Deuteronomy 28:48).
阿巴耶断这一争:依拉比以实玛利而行的人多,一面糊口一面学妥拉,学成了;依拉比西缅·本·约哈伊而行的人多,反倒没有学成,末了连妥拉也撇下了。
阿巴耶 总断这一争说:两说虽都有理,然而依 拉比以实玛利 而行的人多——他们一面糊口一面学妥拉,虽也作别的营生,妥拉却学成了。
Summing up this dispute, Abaye said: Although there is room for both opinions, many have acted in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yishmael, and combined working for a living and learning Torah, and although they engaged in activities other than the study of Torah, were successful in their Torah study.
依 拉比西缅·本·约哈伊 而行的人多,妥拉却没有学成。
Many have acted in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai and were not successful in their Torah study.
他们到底不得不把妥拉全撇下了。
They were ultimately forced to abandon their Torah study altogether.
拉瓦对学堂中人说:尼散、提斯利两个农忙的月分,不要到我这里来;那时且去作田里的工,免得整年为糊口挂虑。
照样,拉瓦 对到他学堂来的众贤哲说:我求你们,尼散月与提斯利月这两个农忙的月分,不要到我这里来。
Similarly, Rava said to the Sages who would attend his study hall: I implore you; during the months of Nisan and Tishrei, the crucial agricultural periods, do not appear before me.
那时你们且去作田里的工,好叫你们整年不为糊口挂虑。
Engage in your agricultural work then so that you will not be preoccupied with your sustenance all year.
拉巴·巴尔·巴尔·哈纳引拉比约哈难、以坦拿拉比以莱之子拉比犹大之名说:后代不如前代——前代以妥拉为常业、工作为余事,两样都成;后代反之,两样都不成。
拉巴·巴尔·巴尔·哈纳 引 拉比约哈难、以 坦拿 一辈的 拉比以莱之子拉比犹大 之名,总括这几段说:你来看,后代不如前代,实在是不及他们。
Summarizing these statements, Rabba bar bar Ḥana said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said in the name of the tanna Rabbi Yehuda, son of Rabbi El’ai: Come and see that the latter generations are not like the earlier generations; rather they are their inferiors.
前代以妥拉为常业,以工作为余事,这一样、那一样——学妥拉与作工——都成全了。
The earlier generations made their Torah permanent and their work occasional, and this, Torah study, and that, their work, were successful for them.
后代以工作为常业,以妥拉为余事,两样都没有成全。
However, the latter generations who made their work permanent and their Torah occasional, neither this nor that was successful for them.
同一路数:前代把果子从正门运进院子,为的是自入什一之责;后代由屋顶、院落、围院绕行,为的是免了什一。拉比雅奈说:未分什一的出产,要见了房屋正面、这样运进屋去,才起什一之责(申命记 26:13)。
同一路数,拉巴·巴尔·巴尔·哈纳 引 拉比约哈难、以 拉比以莱之子拉比犹大 之名说:你来看,后代不如前代。
Along these lines, Rabba bar bar Ḥana said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said in the name of Rabbi Yehuda, son of Rabbi El’ai: Come and see that the latter generations are not like the earlier generations.
前代的人把果子从正门运进院子,为的是自入什一之责。
In the earlier generations, people would bring their fruits into their courtyards through the main gate in order to obligate them in tithes.
后代却把果子从屋顶、从院子、从围院运进去,绕开正门,为的是免了什一之责。
However, the latter generations bring their fruits through roofs, through courtyards and through enclosed courtyards, avoiding the main gate in order to exempt them from the mitzva of tithing.
正如 拉比雅奈 所说:未曾分过什一的出产,要到它见了人所出入的房屋正面、并这样运进屋去,才起什一之责,正如献什一时所诵的话说:「我已将圣物从我家里拿出来」(申命记 26:13)——凡用途未定的出产,须运进屋里,什一之责才落到它身上。
As Rabbi Yannai said: Untithed produce is not obligated in the mitzva of tithing until it sees the front of the house through which people enter and exit, and it is brought into the house that way as it is stated in the formula of the confession of the tithes: “I have removed the consecrated from the house” (Deuteronomy 26:13), as the obligation to tithe produce whose purpose has not yet been designated takes effect only when it is brought into the house.
拉比约哈难说:便是运进院子,也算作了了工,那出产就起了什一之责(申命记 26:12)。
而 拉比约哈难 说:便是运进院子,也算作了了工,就使那出产起了什一之责,正如献什一时所写的:「分给利未人和寄居的,与孤儿寡妇,使他们在你城中可以吃得饱足」(申命记 26:12)。
And Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Even bringing it into the courtyard determines its status as having completed the production process and obligates the produce to be tithed, as it is written in the confession of the tithes: “And I have given to the Levite, the stranger, the orphan and the widow, and they shall eat in your gates and be satisfied” (Deuteronomy 26:12).
回到密释纳:酒何以另立一诵?若说因果子变得更好,那么橄榄油也变得更好,祝祷却没有变——撒母耳与拉比约哈难都说:论橄榄油,仍诵「创造树上果实者」。
我们在本条密释纳学过:凡树上所结的果子,人诵「创造树上果实者」;惟酒除外——酒虽出于树上的果子,却另立了一诵:「创造葡萄树果实者」。
We learned in our mishna: Over fruits that grow on a tree one recites: Who creates fruit of the tree, with the exception of wine that even though it originates from fruit of the tree, a separate blessing was established for it: Who creates the fruit of the vine.
革玛拉 问:酒有什么不同,竟为它另立一诵呢?
The Gemara asks: What is different about wine, that a separate blessing was established for it?
你若说:因为那果子变得更好、成了酒,所以祝祷也就变了。
If you say that because the fruit changed for the better into wine, therefore, the blessing changed.
橄榄油也变得更好,祝祷却没有变。
Olive oil changed for the better and nevertheless, its blessing did not change.
因为 拉比犹大 引 撒母耳 说,拉比以撒 也引 拉比约哈难 说:论到橄榄油,人诵「创造树上果实者」,与为那果子自己所诵的一样。
As Rabbi Yehuda said that Shmuel said, and so too Rabbi Yitzḥak said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Over olive oil, one recites: Who creates fruit of the tree, just as he does over the fruit itself.
众贤哲说:油找不着合适的诵法——「创造橄榄果实者」不合,因受造的是橄榄本身,油是人作出来的;仿酒说「创造葡萄树果实者」也不合。
众贤哲说:那里论油,是因为找不着合适的诵法——我们可怎么诵呢?
The Sages said: There, in the case of oil, it is because it is impossible to find an appropriate blessing, as how shall we recite the blessing?
我们若诵「创造橄榄果实者」,那果子自己就叫橄榄,受造的正是它。
If we recite the blessing: Who creates fruit of the olive, the fruit itself is called olive and that is what was created.
油是人由那果子作出来的,这样的诵法便不合。
The oil is a man-made product of that fruit, rendering that formula inappropriate.
照样,仿着为酒所诵的说「创造葡萄树果实者」也不合,因为受造的果子正是葡萄自己,油却不是这样受造的。
Similarly, reciting a formula parallel to the blessing on wine: Who creates the fruit of the vine, is inappropriate as the grapes themselves are the fruit that was created, as opposed to oil which was not.
难:仍可诵「创造橄榄树果实者」,正与酒的诵法相仿。玛尔祖特拉另说一理:酒能养人,油不养人。
革玛拉 难说:其实仍可以立一诵,就是「创造橄榄树果实者」,正与为酒所诵的相仿。
The Gemara challenges: Nevertheless, it is still possible to formulate a blessing, as we may recite the blessing: Who creates fruit of the olive tree, which would be parallel to the blessing recited over wine.
只可另说一理,玛尔祖特拉 说:所以不为油另立一诵,是因为酒能养人,油却不养人。
Rather, Mar Zutra offered a different rationale: The reason that no separate blessing was established over oil is because, as opposed to wine that nourishes, oil does not nourish.
油果真不养人么?密释纳说:起誓禁食「养人之物」的,水与盐仍许他吃——反推可知,别样可吃的都算养人之物。
革玛拉 问:油果真不养人么?
The Gemara asks: And oil does not nourish?
我们岂不是在一条密释纳里学过:人若起誓禁食养人之物,水与盐仍许他吃,因为这两样不算养人之物?
Didn’t we learn in a mishna: One who vows that nourishment is forbidden to him is permitted to eat water and salt, as they are not considered nourishment.
我们也曾论过这条 哈拉哈:由此反推,水与盐不算养人之物,别样可吃的却都算养人之物。
And we discussed this halakha: By inference, water and salt are not considered nourishment, but all other edible items are considered nourishment.
这岂不驳倒了拉夫与撒母耳「唯五样五谷才诵『创造各样养人之物者』」之说?拉夫胡纳解说:那条密释纳说的是他起誓「凡养人之物都禁与我」,故只除水与盐,橄榄油不在除外之列。
这岂不成了驳倒 拉夫 与 撒母耳 的定驳么——他们说:唯独为五样五谷才诵「创造各样养人之物者」,因为唯有这五样算作养人的。
Let us say that this is a conclusive refutation of Rav and Shmuel, who said: One only recites: Who creates various kinds of nourishment, over the five species of grain alone, as they alone are considered nourishing.
而 拉夫胡纳 解说:那条密释纳说的是他起誓时这样说:「凡养人之物都禁与我」。
And Rav Huna said as a solution that this mishna referred to a case where he vows and says: Anything that nourishes is prohibited to me.
这样的说法把凡略能养人的都包在内,所以只除去水与盐。
That formula includes anything that is at all nourishing and therefore only water and salt are excluded.
橄榄油并不在除外之列。
Olive oil is not excluded.
可见油是养人的。改说:酒能使人饱足,油不能。又难:拉瓦逾越节前夕整日饮酒以开胃,好在礼序上多吃无酵饼——可见酒开胃而不使人饱足。答:多饮则开胃,少饮才使人饱足。
可见油是养人的。
Apparently, oil nourishes.
只可另说一分别:酒与油所差的在于——酒能使人饱足,油不能。
Rather, there is another distinction between wine and oil: Wine satisfies, oil does not satisfy.
酒不但养人,还能填满肚腹。
Wine not only nourishes, but it is also filling.
革玛拉 问:酒果真使人饱足么?
The Gemara asks: And does wine satisfy?
拉瓦 岂不是在逾越节前夕整日饮酒,为的是开他的心、引起食欲,好在 逾越夜礼序 上多吃些 无酵饼 么?
Wouldn’t Rava drink wine all day on the eve of Passover in order to stimulate his heart, i.e., whet his appetite so that he might eat more matza at the seder?
可见酒不使人饱足,倒是开人的胃口。
Wine does not satisfy, it whets the appetite.
革玛拉 答:多饮则开胃,少饮才使人饱足。
The Gemara answers: A lot of wine stimulates, a little satisfies.
再难:诗篇 104:15「得酒能悦人心…得粮能养人心」,可见使人饱足的是粮。答:这不足为凭——酒兼二美,既使人饱足,又使人喜乐;粮只使人饱足。
革玛拉 再问:酒到底使人饱足么?
Again, the Gemara asks: Does wine satisfy at all?
经上岂不是写着:「又得酒能悦人心,得油能润人面,得粮能养人心」(诗篇 104:15)——能使人饱足的是粮,不是酒。
Isn’t it written: “Wine gladdens the heart of man, making the face brighter than oil, and bread fills man’s heart” (Psalms 104:15); bread is that which satisfies, wine does not satisfy.
只可说:这一节不足为凭;酒有两样好处,既使人饱足,又使人喜乐。
Rather, this verse is not a proof; wine has two advantages, it satisfies and gladdens.
粮却只使人饱足,不使人喜乐。
Bread, however, satisfies but does not gladden.
酒既有这些好处,何不像吃了饼那样,饮后诵《谢饭祷》三段?答:人不以酒作一餐的根基。
酒既有这些好处,革玛拉 就问:若是这样,饮了酒之后,我们何不像吃了饼之后那样,为它诵 《谢饭祷》 的三段祝祷呢?
Since wine possesses all of these virtues, the Gemara asks: If so, let us recite the three blessings of Grace after Meals over it after drinking, just as we do after eating bread.
革玛拉 答:因为人不以酒作一餐的根基。
The Gemara answers: People do not base their meals on wine.
拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒问拉瓦:人若真以酒作一餐的根基又如何?拉瓦说:等以利亚来了才定;如今他一人的存心敌不过众人的看法。
拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 对 拉瓦 说:人若真以酒作了一餐的根基,又当怎么办呢?
Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said to Rava: If one based his meal on it, what is the ruling?
他须像吃了饼那样诵 《谢饭祷》 么?
Must he recite the Grace after Meals as he does after bread?
拉瓦 回答说:等 以利亚 来了,说明酒可不可以作一餐的根基,这事就定了。
He replied: When Elijah comes and says whether or not it can serve as the basis for a meal, this will be resolved.
然而如今、在那以先,他一人的存心敌不过众人的看法,所以他不必诵那全篇的谢饭祷。
Nevertheless, now, until then, his intention is rendered irrelevant by the opinions of all other men and he is not required to recite the complete Grace after Meals.
细论「橄榄油诵『创造树上果实者』」是指哪一种情形。若说单饮,那于人有损——巴拉伊塔说:误饮举祭之油只赔本数、不加五分之一(只算损而未得益),抹身的才赔五分之一。
前面 革玛拉 引过一条 哈拉哈:论到橄榄油,人诵「创造树上果实者」。
Previously, the Gemara cited the halakha that one recites the blessing: Who creates fruit of the tree, over olive oil.
革玛拉 就这件事本身细论。
The Gemara discusses the matter itself.
拉夫犹大 引 撒母耳 说,拉比以撒 也引 拉比约哈难 说:论到橄榄油,人诵「创造树上果实者」,与为那果子自己所诵的一样。
Rav Yehuda said that Shmuel said, and so too Rabbi Yitzḥak said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: One recites the blessing: Who creates fruit of the tree, over olive oil just as he does over the fruit itself.
这是指着什么情形说的呢?
What are the circumstances?
你若说他是把油单饮了,那于饮的人有损。
If you say that he drank it plain, it causes damage to the drinker.
因为有一段 《巴拉伊塔》 教说:人误饮了 举祭 的油,赔本数,不必加五分之一——那是误用圣物寻常的罚则;因为在这情形,那人只算损了圣物,并未从中得益。
As it was taught in a baraita: One who drinks oil of teruma, while unaware that it was teruma, pays the principal and does not pay the additional fifth which is the typical penalty for unintentional misuse of consecrated property, as in that case the individual is considered to have only damaged consecrated property without deriving benefit from it.
人若用 举祭 的油抹身,就赔本数,又赔五分之一,因为他从中得了益。
One who anoints his body with the oil of teruma pays the principal and pays the fifth, as he derived benefit from it.
可见饮油的人不但无益,反受其损。
Apparently, one who drinks oil derives no benefit and it even causes him damage.
那么是蘸饼吃么?若是,饼为主、油为从,只须为饼诵祝祷。只可说是掺在甜菜汤汁里饮——拉巴·巴尔·撒母耳说:甜菜汤汁 是煮过甜菜的汤水,杂菜汤汁 则是……(释文续到叶三十六正面)
只可说,那是指他蘸饼吃油的情形。
Rather, it is referring to a case where he eats the oil by dipping bread into it.
若是这样,饼是主、油是从;我们在一条密释纳里学过:凡以主的食物与从的食物同吃,人为那主的诵祝祷,这祝祷就免了那为从的另诵。
If so, the bread is primary and the oil secondary, and we learned in a mishna: This is the principle: Any food that is primary, and is eaten with food that is secondary, one recites a blessing over the primary food, and that blessing exempts the secondary from the requirement to recite a blessing before eating it.
这样只须为饼诵祝祷,不必为油另诵。
A blessing need only be recited over the bread, not over the oil.
只可说,那是指他把油掺在 甜菜汤汁 里饮的情形;因为 拉巴·巴尔·撒母耳 说:甜菜汤汁 是煮过甜菜的汤水,杂菜汤汁 则是那水,
Rather, it is referring to a case where he is drinking it by means of an anigeron, as Rabba bar Shmuel said: Anigeron is water in which a beet was boiled, ansigeron is the water