拉瓦说:掰饼时,当先为那整饼诵祝祷,诵完了才掰。
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只可说,拉瓦 说:人掰饼的时候,当先为那整饼诵祝祷,诵完了才掰开它。
Rather, Rava said: When breaking bread, one recites the blessing over the complete loaf and only afterwards, he breaks it.
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这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 4 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
拉瓦说:掰饼时,当先为那整饼诵祝祷,诵完了才掰。
只可说,拉瓦 说:人掰饼的时候,当先为那整饼诵祝祷,诵完了才掰开它。
Rather, Rava said: When breaking bread, one recites the blessing over the complete loaf and only afterwards, he breaks it.
尼哈尔德阿的贤哲依拉比希亚而行,边掰边诵、掰下一块时诵完;众拉比依拉瓦,先诵后掰。拉维纳说母亲告诉他,父亲依拉比希亚。末断:依拉瓦。
革玛拉 记着:尼哈尔德阿 的众贤哲依 拉比希亚 而行,一面掰饼一面诵祝祷,掰下那一块时正好诵完。
The Gemara relates: The Sages of Neharde’a acted in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Ḥiyya and would recite the blessing as they were breaking the bread and conclude the blessing as he finished breaking off the piece of bread.
众拉比却依 拉瓦 而行,先诵祝祷,然后掰饼。
And the Rabbis acted in accordance with the opinion of Rava and would recite the blessing before breaking the bread.
拉维纳 说:我母亲告诉我,你父亲是依 拉比希亚 而行的;因为 拉比希亚 说:那祝祷当在掰开饼的起头时诵完。
Ravina said: My mother told me: Your father acted in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Ḥiyya, as Rabbi Ḥiyya said: The blessing must conclude with the beginning of the breaking of the loaf of bread.
众拉比则依 拉瓦 而行。
And the Rabbis acted in accordance with the opinion of Rava.
革玛拉 断说:这条 哈拉哈 依 拉瓦——他说当先为那整饼诵祝祷,诵完了才掰开它。
The Gemara concludes: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rava, who said one recites the blessing over the complete loaf and only afterwards he breaks it.
整饼与碎块并陈时当为哪一个诵?拉夫胡纳说可为碎块诵、连整饼一并免了;拉比约哈难说以整饼为上。若碎的是麦饼、整的是大麦饼,人人都认当为麦饼的碎块诵。
有话说,阿摩拉之间有一争:当为整饼诵祝祷呢,还是可以为碎块诵?人若把碎块与整饼一同端到席上,拉夫胡纳 说:人可以为那碎块诵祝祷,这一诵连整饼也一并免了。
It was stated that there was an amoraic dispute with regard to whether to recite the blessing over a whole loaf of bread or to recite it over a piece of bread: If they brought pieces and whole loaves of bread before those partaking of a meal, Rav Huna said: One may recite the blessing over the pieces and with that blessing exempts the whole loaves as well.
拉比约哈难 说:尽这诫命最好的样子,是为那整饼诵祝祷。
Rabbi Yoḥanan said: The optimal manner in which to fulfill the mitzva is to recite the blessing over the whole loaf.
然而那碎块若是麦饼、整的是大麦饼,人人都认当为那麦饼的碎块诵祝祷。
However, if the piece was of wheat bread and the whole loaf was of barley bread, everyone agrees that one recites a blessing over the piece of wheat bread.
它虽是碎块,到底是上好的;这样一诵,连那整个的大麦饼也免了。
Although it is a piece of bread, it is nevertheless of superior quality, and in so doing one exempts the whole loaf of barley bread.
拉比耶利米·巴尔·阿巴说,这一争与坦拿论举祭的一争相当:分举祭当取整的小葱,不取大葱的一半;拉比犹大说宁取大葱的一半。岂不是一以贵重者为先、一以完整者为先么?
拉比耶利米·巴尔·阿巴 说:拉夫胡纳 与 拉比约哈难 这一争,正与 坦拿 之间论 举祭 诸 哈拉哈 的一争相当。
Rabbi Yirmeya bar Abba said that the dispute between Rav Huna and Rabbi Yoḥanan is parallel to a tannaitic dispute with regard to the halakhot of teruma.
我们学过:当分 举祭 的葱,两下分量虽然相等,人也当从整个的小葱里分,不从大葱的一半里分。
We learned: Even though the onions from which the teruma must be separated are divided equally between the two, one separates teruma from a whole small onion but not from half of a large onion.
拉比犹大 说:不然,宁从大葱的一半里分。
Rabbi Yehuda says: No, rather, he separates teruma from half of a large onion.
这岂不正是他们所争的一层么——一位、就是 拉比犹大,以贵重者为先,故大葱的一半虽是半个,究竟是上好的;头一位 坦拿 则以完整者为先。
What, is it not that they disagree over this point, that one Sage, Rabbi Yehuda, held that the more significant takes precedence; therefore half of a large onion which is of superior quality is preferable, and the first tanna held that the whole item takes precedence?
驳这比拟:有祭司当场可领时,人人都以贵重者为先;所争的是没有祭司在那里的情形——密释纳说:有祭司处从上好的分,无祭司处从耐存的分;拉比犹大说:总要从上好的分。
革玛拉 驳这一比拟说:有祭司在那里、可以随即从他手里领 举祭 的时候,人人都认当以贵重者为先。
The Gemara rejects this comparison: Where there is a priest who can immediately take the teruma from him, everyone agrees that more significant takes precedence.
他们所争的,是没有祭司在那里的情形;因为我们在一条密释纳里学过:凡有祭司的地方,人从上好的里分 举祭;凡没有祭司的地方,就从耐存的里分,好叫祭司日后领了,还能从中得益。
When they disagree is in a case where there is no priest there, as we learned in a mishna: Everywhere that there is a priest, one separates teruma from the best, and whenever there is no priest, one separates teruma from that which will endure, so that when a priest ultimately receives it, he will be able to derive benefit from it.
拉比犹大 说:总要从上好的里分 举祭,纵然那不是最耐存的。
Rabbi Yehuda says: One always separates teruma only from the best, even though it is not the longest-lasting.
拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒说:敬畏神的人两样都尽。这敬畏神的人是谁呢?是拉维纳之子玛尔——他把碎块放在整饼里,一同掰开。
论到 拉比约哈难 与 拉夫胡纳 这一争,拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 说:敬畏神的人两样都尽到了。
With regard to the dispute between Rabbi Yoḥanan and Rav Huna, Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: A God-fearing individual fulfills both.
这敬畏神的人是谁呢?
And who is this God-fearing person?
就是 玛尔·巴尔·拉维纳;因为 革玛拉 记着:玛尔·巴尔·拉维纳 常把那碎块放进整饼里,一同掰开。
Mar, son of Ravina, as the Gemara relates that Mar, son of Ravina, would place the piece inside the whole loaf and break them together.
有位坦拿在拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒面前诵一段巴拉伊塔:把碎块放进整饼里,然后掰开诵祝祷。他问那人名字,答「沙勒曼」;拉夫纳赫曼就此打趣:你是「平安」,你所诵的也是「完全」的——你使门生之间彼此和睦了。
照样,革玛拉 记着:有一位 坦拿 在 拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 面前诵一段 《巴拉伊塔》:人把碎块放进整饼里,然后掰饼诵祝祷。
Similarly, the Gemara relates that the tanna recited a baraita before Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak: One places the piece inside the whole loaf, then breaks the bread and recites a blessing.
拉夫纳赫曼 对他说:你叫什么名字?
Rav Naḥman said to him: What is your name?
他回答说:שַׁלְמָן。
He answered: Shalman.
拉夫纳赫曼 就此打趣说:你是 שָׁלוֹם(平安),你所诵的这一段也是 שְׁלֵמָה(完全)的——因为这一段 《巴拉伊塔》 把相争的两说调和了,你也就在门生中间立了和睦。
Rav Naḥman replied with a pun: You are peace [shalom] and the teaching that you recited is complete [shelema] as by means of this baraita the disputing opinions are reconciled and you established peace among students.
这一句是谐音:那位坦拿名 שַׁלְמָן(沙勒曼),与 שָׁלוֹם(平安)、שְׁלֵמָה(完全)同一词根 ש־ל־ם。中文的「沙勒曼」听不出这层,只能照原文写出三个词,由注补明。
拉夫帕帕说:逾越节吃无酵饼这一件,人人都认当把碎块放进整的里掰开——因为无酵饼称作「困苦的饼」,穷人所吃的本是碎块。
这一调和在一件事上更见分明;因为 拉夫帕帕 说:人人都认,逾越节尽吃 无酵饼 的诫命时,当把那碎块放进整的里,一同掰开。
This resolution is reinforced in a unique case, as Rav Pappa said: Everyone agrees that while fulfilling the mitzva of eating matza on Passover, one places the piece inside the whole and breaks.
这是什么缘故呢?
What is the reason?
因为论 无酵饼 写着「困苦的饼」(申命记 16:3),而穷人所吃的向来是碎块。
With regard to matza the phrase “Bread of affliction” (Deuteronomy 16:3) is written, and the poor typically eat their bread in pieces.
所以逾越夜里吃 无酵饼,那掰开的一块也是有分量的。
Therefore, eating matza on Passover evening, the broken matza is also significant.
拉比阿巴说:安息日一餐当就着两个饼掰——因为论安息日前一日收吗哪写着「双倍的食物」(出埃及记 16:22)。
接着论掰饼、尤其是节期掰饼的诸事,革玛拉 又引一条 哈拉哈。
In connection to the various halakhot with regard to breaking bread, especially on Festivals, the Gemara cites another halakha.
拉比阿巴 说:安息日一餐,人当就着两个饼掰。
Rabbi Abba said: And on Shabbat one is obligated to break bread for the meal over two loaves.
这是什么缘故呢?
What is the reason?
因为论到六日收吗哪、预备安息日那一段,经上写着「双倍的食物」(出埃及记 16:22)。
Because in the Torah portion that discusses gathering manna on Friday for Shabbat, the phrase: “Twice as much bread” (Exodus 16:22) is written.
为记念这事,安息日的饭食便以两个饼为本。
To commemorate this, Shabbat meals are based on two loaves of bread.
拉夫阿施说:我见拉夫卡哈纳取两个饼而掰其一。拉比泽拉则从饼上掰下一大块,整餐都吃它。拉维纳问这岂不像贪嘴?拉夫阿施说:他别日不这样行,单在今日这样行,正是敬重安息日的饭食。
论到这两个饼当怎样掰,拉夫阿施 说:我看见 拉夫卡哈纳 取两个饼,只掰开其中一个。
With regard to the manner in which these two loaves are to be broken, Rav Ashi said: I saw Rav Kahana who would take two loaves and break one.
拉比泽拉 则从饼上掰下一大块,整顿安息日的饭都吃它。
Rabbi Zeira would break off one large piece from the loaf, and eat from it for the entire Shabbat meal.
拉维纳 就此对 拉夫阿施 说:人掰下这么大一块,岂不看着像贪嘴么?
Ravina said to Rav Ashi about this: Doesn’t it appear gluttonous for one to break off so large a piece?
拉夫阿施 对他说:他别的日子不这样行,单在今日这样行,就不像贪嘴,倒是敬重安息日饭食这一诫命。
Rav Ashi said to him: Since every other day he does not do so, and today he does, it does not appear gluttonous, but rather in deference to the mitzva of the Shabbat meals.
拉夫阿米与拉夫阿西遇有合界之饼可用在安息日饭上,就为它诵「从地里生出粮食者」,说:既已用它尽了一件诫命,就再用它尽一件。
论到安息日的饭食,革玛拉 记着:拉夫阿米 与 拉夫阿西 遇有作 合界 用的饼可以派在安息日饭上的时候,就为它诵「从地里生出粮食者」。
With regard to eating on Shabbat, the Gemara relates: Rav Ami and Rav Asi, when the opportunity to use the bread of the eiruv in the Shabbat meal would present itself, they would recite: Who brings forth bread from the earth over it.
他们解说道:既已用它尽了一件诫命,我们就再用它尽一件诫命。
They said in explanation: Since one mitzva was performed with it, we will perform another mitzva with it.