(续上)……而普珥日的欢乐只在它所定的时候,就是亚达月十四日,才守。
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……普珥日所守的欢乐,只在它所定的时候,就是亚达月十四日,才守。
the rejoicing that takes place on Purim is practiced only in its designated time, the fourteenth of Adar.
← 经卷总目·第一章 书卷的诵读
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 12 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
(续上)……而普珥日的欢乐只在它所定的时候,就是亚达月十四日,才守。
……普珥日所守的欢乐,只在它所定的时候,就是亚达月十四日,才守。
the rejoicing that takes place on Purim is practiced only in its designated time, the fourteenth of Adar.
拉夫 说:在本日诵以斯帖书卷,一人独诵也可以;不在本日、如村庄提前到聚集之日诵的,须有十人,因为提前诵读的规定只是为会众立的。拉夫阿西 说:无论是否本日,都须十人。有一回前者在普珥日诵书卷,顾及后者的意见,也招聚了十个人。
拉夫 说:在以斯帖书卷的本日,就是亚达月十四日,诵读它,即便独自一人也可以。
§ Rav said: One may read the Megilla in its proper time, i.e., on the fourteenth of Adar, even privately.
然而不在它的本日诵读的,例如村庄把诵读提前到聚集之日,就须有十人,因为容许在本日之前诵读书卷的规定,只是为会众立的。
However, when it is read not at its proper time, e.g., when the villages advance their reading to the day of assembly, it must be read with a quorum of ten, because the enactment allowing the Megilla to be read before its proper time was only made for a community.
拉夫阿西 不同意,他说:无论在本日还是不在本日,诵读以斯帖书卷都须有十人。
Rav Asi disagreed and said: Both at its proper time and not at its proper time, the Megilla must be read with a quorum of ten.
革玛拉记述:有一回,拉夫 须在普珥日诵读以斯帖书卷,他顾虑 拉夫阿西 的这个意见,就招聚了十个人,虽然他是在本日,就是亚达月十四日诵读的。
The Gemara relates that there was an incident where Rav had to read the Megilla on Purim, and he was concerned for this opinion of Rav Asi and gathered ten men even though he was reading the Megilla in its proper time, on the fourteenth of Adar.
革玛拉质疑:拉夫 真说过不在本日诵须十人么?拉夫撒母耳·巴尔·舍拉之子拉夫犹大 曾奉他的名说:普珥日逢安息日,安息日前夕就是诵书卷的本日。安息日前夕怎能算本日?可见他的意思是:不在本日诵,如同在本日诵,本日可以独诵,不在本日也可以独诵。
革玛拉问:拉夫 真说过这话么,就是不在本日诵读以斯帖书卷的,只可有十人才能诵?
The Gemara asks: And did Rav actually say this, that when the Megilla is read not at its proper time, it can only be read with a quorum of ten?
拉夫撒母耳·巴尔·舍拉之子拉夫犹大 岂不是奉 拉夫 之名说:普珥日若逢安息日,安息日前夕就是诵读以斯帖书卷的本日?
Didn’t Rav Yehuda, son of Rav Shmuel bar Sheilat, say in the name of Rav: If Purim occurs on Shabbat, Shabbat eve is the proper time for reading the Megilla?
革玛拉对 拉夫 这句话的措辞表示诧异:安息日前夕是诵读书卷的本日么?
The Gemara expresses surprise with regard to the wording of Rav’s statement: Is Shabbat eve the proper time for reading the Megilla?
安息日本身岂不才是它的本日么?
Isn’t Shabbat itself its proper time?
其实,他所说的岂不是这个意思,就是他这句话当这样理解:不在本日诵读书卷,如同在本日诵读;正如在本日,即便独自一人也可以诵读,同样,不在本日,即便独自一人也可以诵读。
Rather, is it not true that this is what he said, i.e., that this is the way his statement should be understood: Reading the Megilla not at its proper time is like reading it at its proper time; just as at its proper time, it can be read even privately, so too, not at its proper time, it can be read even privately.
革玛拉驳回这推论:拉夫 那话与十人无关,是要排除 拉比犹大·哈纳西 的说法——后者认为大镇的诵读既已从十四日推开,就一直推到聚集之日;那话是教我们,照密释纳,安息日前夕才是这些城镇的本日。
革玛拉驳回这个论证:拉夫 这句话不是论有十人诵读以斯帖书卷说的。
The Gemara rejects this argument: Rav’s statement was not made with regard to reading the Megilla with a quorum of ten.
那么,拉夫 说安息日前夕是本日,是什么意思呢?
Rather, what is the meaning of Rav’s statement that Shabbat eve is the proper time?
那是为排除 拉比犹大·哈纳西 的意见;他说:既然大镇的诵读已从平常的日期推开,书卷不在十四日诵读,那就推到聚集之日。
It was meant to exclude the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, who said: Since the readings in the large towns were already deferred from their usual date and the Megilla was not read on the fourteenth, they are deferred to the day of assembly.
拉夫 的这句话教导我们:安息日前夕是这些城镇诵读书卷的本日,正如密释纳所说。
This statement of Rav teaches us that Shabbat eve is the proper time for these towns to read the Megilla, as stated in the mishna.
密释纳:怎样算是在亚达月十四日诵书卷的大城?凡有十个闲人的城;少于此数,人口再多也只算村庄。
怎样算是大城,就是在亚达月十四日诵读以斯帖书卷的地方?
What is considered a large city, where the Megilla is read on the fourteenth of Adar?
凡有十个闲人的城。
Any city in which there are ten idlers.
然而若少于此数,即便居民很多,也算是村庄。
However, if there are fewer than that, it is considered a village, even if it has many inhabitants.
密释纳:众贤说诵读以斯帖书卷可以提前、不可延后,是就这些日子说的。至于祭司各家献柴之日、埃波月九日的禁食、节期平安祭与招聚全民的诫命,逢安息日就延到安息日之后,不提前到安息日之前。
众贤说可以把诵读以斯帖书卷提前到亚达月十四日之前、不可延到本日之后,就是论诵读书卷的这些日子说的。
It was with regard to these times for reading the Megilla that the Sages said that one advances the reading of the Megilla before the fourteenth of Adar and one does not postpone the reading to after its proper time.
然而论祭司各家为祭坛上的火献柴之时,那些家族把这些日子当作节日来守;还有埃波月九日的禁食;在节日所献的节期平安祭;以及招聚的诫命,就是在安息年之后那一年的 住棚节,招聚全体以色列民到圣殿的院中,听王诵读申命记:这些若逢安息日,人就把它们的守行延到安息日之后,而不提前到安息日之前。
However, with regard to the time when families of priests donate wood for the fire on the altar, which were times those families would treat as Festivals; as well as the fast of the Ninth of Av; the Festival peace-offering that was brought on the Festivals; and the commandment of assembly [hakhel] of the entire Jewish people in the Temple courtyard on Sukkot in the year following the Sabbatical year to hear the king read the book of Deuteronomy; one postpones their observance until after Shabbat and does not advance their observance to before Shabbat.
注:「招聚」原文 הקהל(hakhel),出自申命记 31:12「要招聚他们」。
密释纳续:书卷虽可提前诵读,那几日仍许哀悼、禁食,只是周济穷人的礼物在那日分发。拉比犹大 说:只有村民惯常在周一、周四进城之处,才提前在聚集之日诵;不惯常进城之处,只在十四日诵。
密释纳接着说:众贤虽说诵读以斯帖书卷的时候可以提前、不可延后,在这些日子哀悼与禁食却是许可的,因为它们其实不是普珥日;尽管如此,周济穷人的礼物要在这一日分发。
The mishna continues: Even though the Sages said that one advances the time for reading the Megilla and one does not postpone the reading, one is permitted to eulogize and fast on these days, as they are not actually Purim; nevertheless, gifts for the poor are distributed on this day.
拉比犹大 说:以斯帖书卷何时在聚集之日、就是亚达月十四日之前诵读呢?
Rabbi Yehuda said: When is the Megilla read on the day of assembly, before the fourteenth of Adar?
在村民惯常于周一与周四进城的地方。
In a place where the villagers generally enter town on Monday and Thursday.
然而在他们不惯常于周一与周四进城的地方,人只可在书卷所定的时候,就是亚达月十四日诵读。
However, in a place where they do not generally enter town on Monday and Thursday, one may read the Megilla only in its designated time, the fourteenth of Adar.
密释纳说大城是有十个闲人的城。有一条 《巴拉伊塔》 教导:这十个闲人是在会堂里的,就是除坐在会堂里、照料公众宗教事务之外别无职业的人;有这样十个人,一处地方就算是要城。
我们在密释纳里学过:大城是有十个闲人的城。
We learned in the mishna that a large city is one that has ten idlers.
注:「闲人」原文 בטלנים,指无须营生、可常在会堂的人,并无贬义。
有一条 《巴拉伊塔》 教导:这里所说的十个闲人,是在会堂里的十个闲人,就是除了坐在会堂里、照料公众的宗教所需之外,别无职业责任的人。
It was taught in a baraita: The ten idlers that are mentioned here are ten idlers that are in the synagogue, i.e., men who do not have professional responsibilities other than to sit in the synagogue and attend to communal religious needs.
有这样十个人在,就使一处地方成为要城。
The presence of ten such men establishes a location as a prominent city.
密释纳说诵读书卷可以提前、不可延后,理由何在?拉比阿巴 奉 撒母耳 之名引以斯帖记:犹太人立了定例,要守这两日,「不可越过」,可见所定的时候不可过了还不诵读。
我们在密释纳里学过:众贤说诵读以斯帖书卷可以提前、不可延后,就是论诵读书卷的这些日子说的。
We learned in the mishna: It was with regard to these times for reading the Megilla that the Sages said that one advances the reading of the Megilla and one does not postpone it.
革玛拉问:这是什么理由?
The Gemara asks: What is the reason for this?
拉比阿巴 说 撒母耳 说:经上说:「犹太人就应承,为自己和后裔,并归附他们的人立了定例,不可越过,要守这两日」(以斯帖记 9:27),这表明所定的时候不可过了而不诵读书卷。
Rabbi Abba said that Shmuel said: The verse states: “The Jews ordained, and took upon them, and upon their seed, and upon all who joined themselves to them, and it shall not pass, that they should keep these two days” (Esther 9:27), which indicates that the designated time must not pass without the reading of the Megilla.
注:和合本作「……立了定例,每年按着所写的,并所定的日期守这两日,永远不废」;讲解系于原文 ולא יעבור(不可越过)一语,所以照革玛拉读法译。
革玛拉顺带引 拉比阿巴 奉 撒母耳 之名的另一说:年不是按日计算的——一年是十二或十三个太阴月,不是三百六十五日;因经上说「一年的月份」,是按月算年,不按日算年。
既提到 拉比阿巴 奉 撒母耳 之名的一条教导,革玛拉就引他的另一句话:拉比阿巴 说 撒母耳 说:从哪里得知人不按日数凑成年,就是说一年算作由十二个或十三个太阴月组成,而不是由三百六十五日组成?
Having mentioned a teaching of Rabbi Abba in the name of Shmuel, the Gemara cites another of his statements: And Rabbi Abba said that Shmuel said: From where is it derived that one does not count days to make up years, i.e., a year is considered to be comprised of either twelve or thirteen lunar months, and not 365 days?
因为经上说:「一年的月份」(出埃及记 12:2),这表明你按月凑成年,而不按日凑成年。
As it is stated: “Of the months of the year” (Exodus 12:2), which indicates that you count months to make up years, but you do not count days to make up years.
注:和合本作「你们要以本月为正月,为一年之首」;原文 לחדשי השנה 字义「一年的月份」,讲解系于此,所以照原文直译。
该撒利亚的众贤奉 拉比阿巴 之名说:月不是按时辰计算的。太阴周期约二十九日半,历法上的月却算作整二十九日或三十日;因经上说「直到满一个月的日子」,是按日算月,不按时辰算月。
革玛拉又说:该撒利亚的众贤奉 拉比阿巴 之名说:从哪里得知人不按时辰来计算月呢?
The Gemara adds: And the Sages of Caesarea said in the name of Rabbi Abba: From where is it derived that one does not calculate hours to reckon the months?
一个太阴周期约有二十九日半,然而历法上的一个月算作整二十九日或三十日,而不是恰好一个太阴周期。
A lunar cycle takes approximately twenty-nine and a half days, but a calendar month is considered to be twenty-nine or thirty full days and not precisely a lunar cycle.
因为经上说:「直到满一个月的日子」(民数记 11:20),这表明你按日计算月,而不按时辰计算月。
As it is stated: “Until a month of days” (Numbers 11:20), which indicates that you calculate days to reckon the months, but you do not calculate hours to reckon the months.
注:和合本作「要吃一个整月」;原文 עד חדש ימים 字义「直到一个月的日子」,讲解系于「日子」一词,所以照原文直译。
革玛拉逐项解释密释纳所说献柴之日、埃波月九日、节期平安祭与招聚之礼为何只延不提:埃波月九日是灾祸之日,灾祸不提前;节期平安祭与招聚之礼则是义务的时候还没有到,不能在定时之前履行诫命。
我们在密释纳里学过:然而论祭司各家为祭坛上的火献柴之时、埃波月九日的禁食、节期平安祭与招聚的诫命,若逢安息日,人就把它们的守行延到安息日之后,而不提前到安息日之前。
§ We learned in the mishna: However, with regard to the time when families of priests donate wood for the fire on the altar, the fast of the Ninth of Av, the Festival peace-offering, and the commandment of assembly [hakhel], one postpones their observance until after Shabbat and does not advance their observance to before Shabbat.
革玛拉就密释纳所提的每一项,解释这条 哈拉哈 的理由。
The Gemara explains the reason for this halakha with respect to each item mentioned in the mishna.
埃波月九日的禁食不提前,因为人不提前灾祸;埃波月九日既是悲惨的时日,它的守行就尽量延后。
The fast of the Ninth of Av is not advanced because one does not advance calamity; since the Ninth of Av is a tragic time, its observance is postponed as long as possible.
节期平安祭与招聚的诫命不提前,因为它们的义务的时候还没有到,而在所定的时候来到之前,是不可能履行诫命的。
The Festival peace-offering and the commandment of assembly [hakhel] are not advanced because the time of their obligation has not yet arrived, and it is impossible to fulfill mitzvot before the designated time has arrived.
有一条 《巴拉伊塔》 教导:节期平安祭可以延后,节期平安祭的整段时期也可以延后。革玛拉说:节期平安祭可以延后,是指节日逢安息日、不能献祭时,延到安息日之后的节期中间日子献;可是「节期平安祭的时期」是什么意思?
有一条 《巴拉伊塔》 教导:人延后节期平安祭,也延后节期平安祭的整段时期。
It was taught in a baraita: One postpones the Festival peace-offering and the entire time period of the Festival peace-offering.
革玛拉试图厘清这句话:固然,这条 《巴拉伊塔》 说节期平安祭可以延后,它的意思是:若节日逢安息日,那时不能献节期平安祭,人就把它延到安息日之后,在节期的中间日子献这祭。
The Gemara attempts to clarify this statement: Granted that when the baraita says that the Festival peace-offering is postponed, it means that if a Festival occurs on Shabbat, when the Festival peace-offering cannot be sacrificed, one postpones it until after Shabbat and sacrifices the offering on the intermediate days of the Festival.
然而「节期平安祭的时期」这一语是什么意思呢?
However, what is the meaning of the phrase: The time period of the Festival peace-offering?
拉夫俄沙亚 说:这条 《巴拉伊塔》 是说,节期平安祭因节日逢安息日而延后,朝见燔祭则连节日本身也要延后——节日虽是献节期平安祭的时候,朝见燔祭却须等到节日过后才献。
拉夫俄沙亚 说:这条 《巴拉伊塔》 是这样说的:若节日逢安息日,人延后节期平安祭;而朝见燔祭,即便因着节日本身,人也要延后。
Rav Oshaya said: This is what the baraita is saying: One postpones the Festival peace-offering if the Festival occurs on Shabbat, and one postpones the burnt-offering of appearance even due to the Festival itself.
节日虽是献节期平安祭的时候,朝见燔祭却不可在节日过去之前献上。
Despite the fact that a Festival day is the time for sacrificing a Festival peace-offering, the burnt-offering of appearance may not be sacrificed until after the Festival day.
照 拉夫俄沙亚 的解释,这条 《巴拉伊塔》 是谁的意见?是沙迈学派的:他们说节日可以带平安祭来献,因平安祭大半由祭司与献祭的人吃,宰它算预备食物,节日是许可的;只是不可按手在祭牲头上,因按手要全身用力压在牲畜上,节日禁止这样做。
革玛拉又问:照 拉夫俄沙亚 的解释,密释纳反映的是谁的意见?
The Gemara adds: Whose opinion is reflected in the mishna according to Rav Oshaya’s explanation?
是 沙迈学派 的意见,正如我们在一条密释纳(《节蛋卷》 叶十九正)里学过的:沙迈学派 说:人可以在节日把平安祭带到圣殿去献。
It is the opinion of Beit Shammai, as we learned in a mishna (Beitza 19a) that Beit Shammai say: One may bring peace-offerings on a Festival day to be sacrificed in the Temple.
平安祭的大部分由祭司与献祭的人吃掉。
Most portions of a peace-offering are eaten by the priests and the individual who brought the offering.
因此宰它算是预备食物,这在节日是许可的。
Consequently, its slaughter is considered food preparation, which is permitted on a Festival day.
可是人不可按手在祭牲的头上,因为按手包括用全身的力气压在那牲畜上,这在节日是禁止的。
And one may not place his hands on the head of the offering, as that includes leaning with all one’s might upon the animal, which is prohibited on a Festival.
沙迈学派续说:燔祭在节日完全不可带来,因燔祭不吃,宰它不算预备食物,就成了节日所禁的工作。希列学派不同意,说平安祭与燔祭都可以在节日带来,并且可以按手在它们身上。
然而燔祭在节日完全不可带来。
However, burnt-offerings may not be brought at all on the Festival.
因为燔祭不吃,宰它就不算预备食物,所以它在节日构成一项被禁止的工作。
Since they are not eaten, their slaughter is not considered food preparation, and it therefore constitutes a prohibited labor on the Festival.
希列学派 不同意,他们说:人可以在节日带来平安祭与燔祭,甚至可以按手在它们身上。
Beit Hillel disagree and say: One may bring both peace-offerings and burnt-offerings on a Festival day, and one may even place his hands on them.
拉瓦 另解这条 《巴拉伊塔》:节期平安祭可以在整个节期里延后,却不可延得更久;正如密释纳所说,住棚节 第一日没献节期平安祭的,可以在整个朝圣节期里献;节期过了还没献,他就不必赔补。
拉瓦 说:这条 《巴拉伊塔》 当这样理解:人把节期平安祭延后,可延整个节期平安祭的时期,就是整个节期之久。
Rava said that the baraita should be understood as follows: One postpones the Festival peace-offering for the entire time period of the Festival peace-offering, i.e., for the entire duration of the Festival.
然而它不可延得比这更久。
However, it may not be postponed for longer than this.
正如我们在一条密释纳(《节仪卷》叶九正)里学过的:在 住棚节 的第一个节日没有献节期平安祭的,可以在整个朝圣节期里献节期平安祭,包括中间日子与节期的末日。
As we learned in a mishna (Ḥagiga 9a): One who did not offer the Festival peace-offering on the first Festival day of the festival of Sukkot may offer the Festival peace-offering for the duration of the entire pilgrimage Festival, including the intermediate days and the last day of the Festival.
若这朝圣节期过去了,他还没有带来节期平安祭,他就不必为它赔补。
If the pilgrimage Festival has passed and he did not yet bring the Festival peace-offering, he is not obligated to pay restitution for it.
这项义务已不再有效,所以他不必另带一个祭作为补偿。
The obligation is no longer in force, and he therefore is not liable to bring another offering as compensation.
拉夫阿施 又一解:节期平安祭可以在节期平安祭的整段时期里延后,可见只有一日的 七七节 逢安息日,也可以延到其后六日之一去献。正如密释纳所说,希列学派承认 七七节 逢安息日,宰牲之日在安息日之后。
拉夫阿施 说:这条 《巴拉伊塔》 当这样理解:节期平安祭可以在一个节期平安祭的整段时期里延后。
Rav Ashi said that the baraita should be understood as follows: The Festival peace-offering may be postponed for the entire time period of a Festival peace-offering.
这表明,即便只有一日的 七七节 逢安息日,人也延后节期平安祭,在 七七节 之后的六日中的一日献上它。
This indicates that even if Shavuot, which is one day, occurs on Shabbat, one postpones the Festival peace-offering and offers it on one of the six days after Shavuot.
正如我们在一条密释纳(《节仪卷》叶十七正)里学过的:希列学派 承认,若 七七节 逢安息日,宰牲之日就在安息日之后。
As we learned in a mishna (Ḥagiga 17a): Beit Hillel concede that if Shavuot occurs on Shabbat, the day of slaughter is after Shabbat.
因为节期平安祭与朝见燔祭不能在安息日献,它们就在安息日之后宰杀。
Since the Festival peace-offering and the burnt-offering of appearance cannot be sacrificed on Shabbat, they are slaughtered after Shabbat.
这表明节期平安祭可以在 七七节 的节日之后宰杀,正如在别的节期一样。
This indicates that the Festival peace-offering may be slaughtered after the Festival day of Shavuot, as is the case on the other Festivals.
拉比以利亚撒 奉 拉比哈尼纳 之名说:拉比犹大·哈纳西 做过几件不寻常的事:他在普珥日栽了一棵树苗,不怕做工会轻慢这一日。(下接 5之间)
拉比以利亚撒 说 拉比哈尼纳 说:拉比犹大·哈纳西 做过几件不寻常的事:他在普珥日栽了一棵树苗,并不顾虑做工或会轻慢这一日。
Rabbi Elazar said that Rabbi Ḥanina said: Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi did several unusual things: He planted a sapling on Purim, and was not concerned about performing labor and thereby possibly denigrating the day.