10b.1
引证
拉比哈难 说:纵有梦主在真梦里告人明日必死,他也不可自绝于怜悯——「多梦和多言,其中多有虚幻,你只要敬畏神」(传道书 5:6)。
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同样,拉比哈难 说:纵有梦主——真梦里的一位天使(《祝祷之泉》)——告诉人说他明日必死,他也不可自绝于怜悯,不求怜悯,正如经上所说:「多梦和多言,其中多有虚幻,你只要敬畏神」(传道书 5:6)。
Similarly, Rabbi Ḥanan said: Even if the master of dreams, in a true dream, an angel (Ma’ayan HaBerakhot) tells a person that tomorrow he will die, he should not prevent himself from praying for mercy, as it is stated: “For in the multitude of dreams and vanities there are many words; but fear God” (Ecclesiastes 5:6).
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那梦在他看来虽像真的,却未必真是如此;人当把指望放在神身上。
Although the dream may seem real to him, that is not necessarily the case, and one must place his trust in God.
10b.2
引证
希西家听了以赛亚这句硬话,立刻「转脸朝墙,祷告耶和华」(以赛亚书 38:2)。
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希西家 听了 以赛亚 这句硬话,立刻「转脸朝墙,祷告耶和华」(以赛亚书 38:2)。
Having heard Isaiah’s harsh prophecy, immediately “Hezekiah turned his face toward the wall and prayed to the Lord” (Isaiah 38:2).
10b.3
提问
这里的「墙」是什么意思?拉比西缅·本·拉基什 说:这是说希西家是从心房里向神祷告——如耶利米书 4:19「我的心哪,我的心在我里面烦躁」。
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革玛拉 问:这里说的「墙」是什么意思?
The Gemara asks: What is meant by the word “wall [kir]” in this context?
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希西家 为什么转脸朝着一堵墙?
Why did Hezekiah turn his face to a wall?
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拉比西缅·本·拉基什 说:这是暗指 希西家 是从他心的房里向神祷告,正如别处所说:「我的肺腑啊,我的肺腑啊,我心疼痛。
Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: This symbolically alludes to the fact that Hezekiah prayed to God from the chambers [kirot] of his heart, as it is stated elsewhere: “My anguish, my anguish, I am in pain.
朱英译在此点出原文的一对读法:作「墙」的那个词(קִיר)与作「心房」的那个词(חַדְרֵי)在这一解里相牵。中文一为「墙」、一为「心房」,那层字面上的相牵便看不出来。
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我心在我里面烦躁。
The chambers of my heart.
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我的心为我发出呻吟」(耶利米书 4:19)。
My heart moans within me” (Jeremiah 4:19).
10b.4
引证
拉比利未 说:希西家是要借「墙」提起一事——书念妇人只为以利沙在房顶上筑了一堵小墙,你尚且救活她的儿子;何况我祖所罗门,曾以金银包遍整座圣所。
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拉比利未 说:希西家 是要借「墙」提起相干的事,他在神面前说:宇宙的主啊,那 书念 妇人不过在房顶上为先知 以利沙 筑了一堵小墙,你尚且救活了她的儿子;何况我祖父之家的后裔、我的先祖 所罗门 王,曾以金银包遍整座圣所——岂不更该赐他活命么?
Rabbi Levi said: Hezekiah intended to evoke matters relating to a wall, and he said before God: Master of the Universe, and if the woman from Shunem, who made only a single small wall on the roof for the prophet Elisha, and you revived her son, all the more so should you bring life to the descendant of my father’s father, King Solomon, who covered the entire Temple Sanctuary with silver and gold.
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希西家 祷告说:「耶和华啊,求你记念我在你面前怎样存完全的心,按诚实行事,又做你眼中所看为善的。
In his prayer, Hezekiah said: “Please, Lord, please remember that I walked before You in truth, and with a complete heart, and what was good in Your eyes I did.
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希西家 就痛哭了」(以赛亚书 38:3)。
And Hezekiah wept sore” (Isaiah 38:3).
10b.5
提问
「做你眼中所看为善的」指的是哪一件?拉夫犹大 托 拉夫 之名说:他把救赎祝祷紧接日出时的祷告,不像列王多半睡到日高;拉比利未 说:他藏起了众人所倚赖的《医方书》。
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革玛拉 问:他说「做你眼中所看为善的」,指的究竟是哪一件事?
The Gemara asks: To what specific action was he referring when he said: “And what was good in your sight I did”?
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所举的说法不一:说到 希西家 的功德,拉夫犹大 托 拉夫 之名说,他把救赎祝祷紧接日出时的祷告,不像列王多半睡到日高才起(《雅各细察》)。
Various opinions are offered: Mentioning Hezekiah’s merits, Rav Yehuda said in the name of Rav that he juxtaposed redemption and prayer at sunrise instead of sleeping late, as was the custom of most kings (Iyyun Ya’akov).
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拉比利未 说:他把众人所倚赖的《医方书》藏了起来。
Rabbi Levi said: He suppressed the Book of Remedies upon which everyone relied.
10b.6
引证
贤哲们传下来说:希西家王行了六件前所未有的事,其中三件贤哲赞同,三件不赞同。
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贤哲们传下来说:希西家 王行了六件前所未有的事。
The Sages taught: King Hezekiah performed six innovative actions.
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其中三件贤哲赞同他,三件不赞同他。
With regard to three the Sages agreed with him, and with regard to three they did not agree with him.
10b.7
引证
贤哲赞同的三件:藏起《医方书》;打碎那条铜蛇(民数记 21:9),因它已被人当偶像敬拜(列王纪下 18:4);用绳床拖他恶父亚哈斯的骸骨,不以王礼葬之(历代志下 28:27)。
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贤哲赞同他的三件是:
With regard to three actions the Sages agreed with him:
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他藏起《医方书》,他们赞同他。
He suppressed the Book of Remedies, and they agreed with him.
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他打碎了那条铜蛇——神曾借它为 以色列 行奇事(民数记 21:9)——因它已被人当偶像敬拜,就毁了它(列王纪下 18:4),他们赞同他。
He ground the copper snake through which miracles were performed for Israel (Numbers 21:9), destroying it because it had been used in idol worship (II Kings 18:4), and they agreed with him.
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他用绳床拖他恶父 亚哈斯 王的骸骨,就是不以王者应得之礼葬他(历代志下 28:27),他们赞同他。
He dragged the bones of his evil father, King Ahaz, on a bed of ropes; meaning he did not accord his father a funeral fit for a king (II Chronicles 28:27), and they agreed with him.
10b.8
引证
贤哲不赞同的三件:塞住基训的水(历代志下 32:30);削下圣所的门送与亚述王(列王纪下 18:16);在尼散月里闰尼散月——置闰本当在亚达月终了以前(历代志下 30:2)。
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然而另有三件前所未有的事,他那一代的贤哲不赞同他:
Yet, with regard to three other innovations, the Sages of his generation did not agree with him:
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他塞住 基训 的水,就是 西罗亚 池的水,凿隧道把水引进城里(历代志下 32:30),他们不赞同他。
He stopped up the waters of the Gihon, the Pool of Siloam, diverting its water into the city by means of a tunnel (II Chronicles 32:30), and they did not agree with him.
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他削下圣所的门,送与 亚述 王(列王纪下 18:16),他们不赞同他。
He cut off the doors of the Sanctuary and sent them to the king of Assyria (II Kings 18:16), and they did not agree with him.
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他在 尼散月 里闰 尼散月,就是在 尼散月 那一月里加一个月,作成闰年。
He intercalated Nisan in Nisan, creating a leap year by adding an extra month during the month of Nisan.
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而置闰本当在 亚达月 终了以前行(历代志下 30:2)。
That intercalation must be performed before the end of Adar (II Chronicles 30:2).
10b.9
反驳
就闰月一事发问:希西家岂不领受「这月要作你们的正月,为一年之首」(出埃及记 12:2)这条 哈拉哈?照此推之,正月只能是尼散,别无他月。
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就他闰 尼散月 一事,革玛拉 问:希西家 岂不领受这条 哈拉哈——「这月要作你们的正月,为你们一年之首」(出埃及记 12:2)?
With regard to his intercalation of Nisan, the Gemara asks: Did Hezekiah not accept the halakha: “This month will be for you the first of the months; it shall be the first for you of the months of the year” (Exodus 12:2)?
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照此推之,这正月就是 尼散月,别的月都不是 尼散月。
By inference, this first month is Nisan, and no other month is Nisan.
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希西家 怎能违背 妥拉 的律法,另加一个 尼散月 呢?
How could Hezekiah add an additional Nisan in violation of Torah law?
10b.10
解答
并非如此。他是在后世归于 撒母耳 的那一说上错了:亚达月三十日不可置闰,因那一日尚可立为尼散的朔日;希西家则不以「尚可立为朔日」为足以拦阻置闰的理由。
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革玛拉 答说:情形不是那样。
The Gemara answers that the scenario was different.
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他是在后世归于 撒母耳 的那一条上错了——撒母耳 说:亚达月三十日不可置闰,因为那一日尚可立为 尼散月 的朔日。
Rather, Hezekiah erred with regard to the halakhic opinion ascribed in later generations to Shmuel, as Shmuel said: One may not intercalate the year on the thirtieth day of Adar, since it is fit to establish it as the New Moon of Nisan.
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每月三十日那天,见了新月的人要来到法庭前作证;法庭据其证词,便宣告那一日为次月的初一。
On the thirtieth day of each month, those who witnessed the new moon would come and testify before the court, which, based on their testimony, would declare that day the first day of the next month.
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所以亚达月三十日不可宣告闰年,因为它有可能成为 尼散月 初一。
Therefore, one may not declare a leap year on the thirtieth day of Adar, as it could potentially become the first of Nisan.
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故此 希西家 那一代的贤哲不赞同他在亚达月三十日置闰。
Therefore, the Sages of Hezekiah’s generation did not agree with his decision to intercalate the year on the thirtieth of Adar.
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希西家 则以为:不可因「那一日尚可立为朔日」,便说这理由足以拦住置闰。
Hezekiah held that we do not say: Since that day is fit to establish it as the New Moon is reason enough to refrain from intercalation of the year.
10b.11
引证
由希西家的祷告推开去:拉比约哈难 托 拉比约西·本·齐姆拉 之名说,凡自恃己功而求的,神应允时是凭别人的功德;凡自逊而托别人功德求的,神应允时倒是凭他自己的功德。
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由 希西家 这段祷告推开去,拉比约哈难 托 拉比约西·本·齐姆拉 之名说:凡把自己的祈求建在自己的功德上的,神应允他时,凭的是别人的功德。
Stemming from the analysis of Hezekiah’s prayer, Rabbi Yoḥanan said in the name of Rabbi Yosei ben Zimra: Anyone who bases his prayer or request upon his own merit, when God answers his prayer, it is based upon the merit of others.
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凡自逊、把祈求建在别人功德上的,神应允他时,凭的倒是他自己的功德。
And anyone who modestly bases his prayer or request upon the merit of others, when God answers his prayer, it is based upon his own merit.
10b.12
引证
以摩西为证:金牛犊 之后他求赦免,托的是列祖的功德(出埃及记 32:13);而经上记神赦免以色列时,凭的却是摩西自己的功德(诗篇 106:23)。
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革玛拉 举 摩西 为证。
The Gemara cites proof from Moses.
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他为 金牛犊 一事求神赦免时,把祈求建在别人的功德上,正如经上所说:「求你记念你的仆人 亚伯拉罕、以撒、以色列。你曾指着自己起誓说:我必使你们的后裔像天上的星那样多,并且我所应许的这全地,必给你们的后裔,他们要永远承受为业」(出埃及记 32:13)。
When he prayed to God for forgiveness after the incident of the Golden Calf, he based his request upon the merit of others, as it is stated: “Remember Abraham, Isaac and Israel your servants, to whom You swore upon Yourself, and told them: I will increase your descendants like the stars of the heavens, and all of this land of which I have spoken, I will give to your descendants and they will inherit it forever” (Exodus 32:13).
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可是经上记这事的时候,神赦免 以色列 凭的却是 摩西 自己的功德,正如经上所说:「所以他说要灭绝他们;若非有他所拣选的 摩西 站在当中的破口,使他的忿怒转消,恐怕他就灭绝他们」(诗篇 106:23)。
Yet when this story is related, God’s forgiveness of Israel is based upon Moses’ own merit, as it is stated: “And He said He would destroy them, had Moses, His chosen, not stood before Him in the breach to turn back His destructive fury, lest He should destroy them” (Psalms 106:23).
10b.13
引证
希西家却自恃己功(以赛亚书 38:3),神应允时便只提「为我自己和我仆人大卫的缘故」(列王纪下 19:34)。拉比约书亚·本·利未 由此解以赛亚书 38:17:神赐他平安,他心里反倒苦——因神没有算他的功德。
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希西家 却把祈求建在自己的功德上,正如经上所写:「求你记念我在你面前怎样行事」(以赛亚书 38:3)。
Hezekiah, however, based his request upon his own merit, as it is written: “Please, remember that I walked before You” (Isaiah 38:3).
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神应允他的祷告时,凭的却是别人的功德,一字未提 希西家 自己的功德,正如经上所说:「因我为自己的缘故,又为我仆人 大卫 的缘故,必保护拯救这城」(列王纪下 19:34)。
When God answered his prayers, it was based upon the merit of others with no mention made of Hezekiah’s own merit, as it is stated: “And I will protect this city to save it, for My sake and for the sake of David, My servant” (II Kings 19:34).
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这正是 拉比约书亚·本·利未 所说的。
And that is what Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said.
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因为 拉比约书亚·本·利未 说:经上写着「看哪,我受大苦本为使我得平安;你因爱我的灵魂,便救我脱离败坏的坑,因为你将我一切的罪扔在你的背后」(以赛亚书 38:17),是什么意思?
As Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: What is the meaning of that which is written: “Behold, for my peace I had great bitterness; but You have, in love to my soul, delivered it from the pit of corruption; for You have thrown all my sins behind Your back” (Isaiah 38:17)?
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这一节是说:纵然神赐他平安、告诉他必从病中痊愈,他心里仍旧发苦,因为神没有把他的功德算在内。
This verse teaches that even when the Holy One, Blessed be He, sent him peace and told him that he would recover from his illness, it was bitter for him, because God did not take his merit into consideration.
10b.14
引证
既提到书念妇人为以利沙在房顶所筑的那间小屋,革玛拉 便把那事从头讲起(列王纪下 4:10)。
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既提到 书念 妇人为 以利沙 在房顶上所筑的那间屋子,革玛拉 便把那件事从头说起。
Having mentioned the chamber on the roof built for Elisha by the woman from Shunem, the Gemara now describes the entire event.
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书念 妇人对她丈夫说:「我们可以为他在墙上盖一间小楼,在其中安放床榻、桌子、椅子、灯台,他来到我们这里,就可以住在其间」(列王纪下 4:10)。
The woman from Shunem suggested to her husband: “Let us make, I pray thee, a small chamber on the roof, and let us place a bed, table, stool and candlestick for him there, and it will be, when he comes to us, that he will turn in there” (II Kings 4:10).
10b.15
引证
拉夫 与 撒母耳 争「小楼」何指:一说他们房顶上本有一层无顶的楼,后加了顶;一说本是一道有顶的敞廊,隔成两半。
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拉夫 与 撒母耳 争这「小楼」是什么。
Rav and Shmuel argued over the meaning of small chamber.
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一位说:他们房顶上本有一层没有顶的楼,后来在上面加了顶;另一位说:本是一道有顶的 敞廊,他们把它隔成两半。
One of them said: They had an uncovered second story on their roof, over which they built a ceiling; and one of them said: There was an enclosed veranda [akhsadra] and they divided it in half.
朱英译此处把原文那个词原样留着(אַכְסַדְרָה,一种有顶而不闭合的廊)。中文作「有顶的敞廊」是解释,不是对译——那种建筑中文本无对应的名目。
10b.16
反驳
照「隔敞廊」一说,经上用「墙」字讲得通;照「无顶楼」一说,「墙」字又作何解?
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革玛拉 说:照那位说「本是有顶敞廊、隔成两半」的,经上用「墙」字自然讲得通。
The Gemara comments: Granted, according to the one who said that it was an enclosed veranda which they divided in two, it makes sense that the term wall [kir] was written.
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可是照那位说「本有一层无顶的楼」的,这「墙」字又是什么意思呢?
However, according to the one who said that they had an open second story, what is the meaning of wall?
10b.17
解答
说「无顶楼」的那位把这个字读作「加顶」,不读作「墙」。
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革玛拉 答:那位说「本有一层无顶的楼」的,不把那个字读作「墙」,读作「加顶」,就是说他们在上面盖了顶。
The Gemara responds: The one who said that they had an uncovered second story interprets kir not as wall but as ceiling meaning that they built a ceiling [kirui] over it.
朱英译在此点出原文一字两读:קִיר 作「墙」,与作「盖顶」的 קֵירוּי 出于一形。中文一为「墙」、一为「加顶」,那个「同一处字换个读法」的机关便看不见了。
10b.18
反驳
反过来:照「无顶楼」一说,经上用「楼」字讲得通;照「敞廊」一说,「楼」字又作何解?
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反过来说,照那位说「本有一层无顶的楼」的,经上用「楼」字自然讲得通。
On the other hand, granted, according to the one who said that they had an uncovered second story, it makes sense that the term second story [aliyat] was written.
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可是照那位说「本是有顶敞廊」的,这「楼」字又是什么意思呢?
But according to the one who said that it was an enclosed veranda, what is the meaning of the term second story?
10b.19
解答
说「敞廊」的那位把这个字读作「最上等的」,不读作「楼」。
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革玛拉 答:那位说「本是有顶敞廊」的,不把那个字读作「楼」,读作「诸屋中最上等的一间」。
The Gemara responds: The one who said that it was an enclosed veranda interprets aliyat not as second story, but as the most outstanding [me’ula] of the rooms.
朱英译在此点出原文一字两读:עֲלִיַּת 作「楼」(在上之屋),转读作 מְעוּלָּה 便是「最上等」。中文分作两句写出,那个转读的机关便看不见了。
10b.20
引证
顺带议书念妇人对丈夫所说、要为以利沙备下的那几样:「安放床榻、桌子、椅子、灯台」。
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顺着这一段,革玛拉 议起 书念 妇人对她丈夫说的话,就是他们要在那屋里为 以利沙 备下的几样:「在其中安放床榻、桌子、椅子、灯台。」
Incidental to this discussion, the Gemara analyzes the statement made by the woman from Shunem to her husband with regard to the provisions that they would place in the room for Elisha: “And let us place a bed, table, stool and candlestick for him there.”
10b.21
引证
阿巴耶(有人说是 拉比以撒)说:大人物愿受人敬奉之馈的,尽可受,如以利沙受书念妇人之馈;不愿受的就不受,如拉玛的先知撒母耳,一概不受人馈(撒母耳记上 7:17)。两条路都行得。
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阿巴耶——有人说是 拉比以撒——说:大人物若愿受那些敬他之人的馈赠,尽可享用,正如 以利沙 受 书念 妇人等人所送的。
Abaye, and some say Rabbi Yitzḥak, said: A great man who seeks to enjoy the contributions of those who seek to honor him may enjoy those gifts, as Elisha enjoyed gifts given him by the woman from Shunem, among others.
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不愿受这些馈赠的,就不该受,正如 拉玛 的先知 撒母耳,他一概不受任何人的馈赠。
And one who does not seek to enjoy these gifts should not enjoy them, as was the practice of the prophet Samuel from Rama, who would not accept gifts from anyone at all.
朱英译以拼法分两人:撒母耳 指与 拉夫 争论的那位阿摩拉(本叶 10之间.15、10之间.23 即是),撒母耳 指圣经里的先知。希伯来文两者本是同一个名(שְׁמוּאֵל),中文也同作「撒母耳」,这一分别只在罗马字上看得见;关掉注音后便无从分辨,须看上下文。
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从哪里知道 撒母耳 是这样行的呢?
From where do we know that this was Samuel’s custom?
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正如经上所说:「以后他回到 拉玛,因为他的家在那里,也在那里审判 以色列,且为耶和华筑了一座坛」(撒母耳记上 7:17)。
As it is stated: “And he returned to Rama, for there was his house, and there he judged Israel, and he built an altar to the Lord” (I Samuel 7:17).
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同样,拉比约哈难 说:撒母耳 无论走到哪里,他的家都随着他,所以凡他所需的都有,不必靠众人的供给。
And similarly, Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Every place where Samuel went, his house was with him, so he would have everything that he needed and not be forced to benefit from public contributions.
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这两条路,人可任择其一而行。
One may opt to conduct himself in accordance with either of these paths.
10b.22
引证
书念妇人先于丈夫看出以利沙是神人(列王纪下 4:9)。拉比哈尼纳 之子 拉比约西 由此推得:妇人识客之为人,胜过男子。
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论到 书念 妇人:「她对丈夫说:我看出那常从我们这里经过的是圣洁的神人」(列王纪下 4:9)。
Regarding the woman from Shunem: “And she said to her husband: Behold now, I perceive that he is a holy man of God who passes by us continually” (II Kings 4:9).
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拉比哈尼纳 之子 拉比约西 说:从这里——书念 妇人先于丈夫看出那先知的伟大——可以推得:妇人识客之为人,胜过男子。
Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, said: From here, where the woman from Shunem perceived the prophet’s greatness before her husband did, derive that a woman recognizes the character of her guests more than a man does.
10b.23
提问
她怎知他是圣洁的?拉夫 与 撒母耳 各出一说:一说她从没见一只苍蝇飞过他的桌子;一说她在他床上铺白细麻布,白布上极小的污痕也看得见,她却从没见过一点遗精的痕迹。
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革玛拉 注意到 书念 妇人说「他是圣洁的」,便问:她从哪里知道他是圣洁的?
The Gemara notes that the woman from Shunem said that “he is holy.” The Gemara asks: From where did she know that he was holy?
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拉夫 与 撒母耳 在这上头意见不同。
Rav and Shmuel disagreed over this.
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一位说:她从没见过一只苍蝇飞过他的桌子;另一位说:她在他床上铺了一块白细麻布,白布上纵是极小的污痕也看得见,而夜间遗精本非罕事,她却从没在那上头见过一点痕迹。
One of them said: She never saw a fly pass over his table; and the other said: She spread a white linen sheet on his bed, and despite that even the smallest stain is visible on white linen, and nocturnal seminal emissions are not uncommon, she never saw the residue of a seminal emission on it.
10b.24
引证
拉比哈尼纳 之子 拉比约西 说:她说「他是圣洁的」,意思是他圣洁,他的仆人基哈西却不圣洁——她在那仆人身上看不出圣洁的凭据;后来经上果然说基哈西「前来要推开她」(列王纪下 4:27)。
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论到「他是圣洁的」这一句,拉比哈尼纳 之子 拉比约西 说:书念 妇人的言外之意是——他是圣洁的,他的仆人 基哈西 却不圣洁,因为她在那人身上看不出一点圣洁的凭据(《雅各细察》)。
With regard to the verse: “He is holy,” Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, said: The woman from Shunem intimated that: He is holy, but his attendant, Geihazi, is not holy, as she saw no indication of holiness in him (Iyyun Ya’akov).
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在这里她也看客看得准,因为后来经上说:「基哈西 前来要推开她」(列王纪下 4:27)。
Here too, she correctly perceived the character of her guest, as it is later stated: “And Geihazi approached her to push her away [lehodfa]” (II Kings 4:27).
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拉比哈尼纳 之子 拉比约西 又说:他是抓着她那美貌的丰盈之处——就是说他推她的时候,动手抓了她的胸,行止轻薄。
And Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, said: He grabbed her by the majesty of her beauty [hod yofya], meaning that when he pushed her he grabbed her breasts in a licentious manner.
朱英译在此点出原文的一对读法:作「推开她」的 לְהׇדְפָהּ,可转读作「她美貌的丰盈」הוֹד יׇפְיָהּ。中文的「推开」与「美貌」毫不相干,这一转全靠此注说明。
10b.25
推论
「那常从我们这里经过的」——拉比哈尼纳 之子 拉比约西 托 拉比以利以谢·本·雅各 之名说:人接待妥拉学者到家中、让他享用自己所有的,经上算他如同献常献之祭。
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论到那一节的措辞「那常从我们这里经过的圣洁神人」,拉比哈尼纳 之子 拉比约西 托 拉比以利以谢·本·雅各 之名说:从这一节可以推得,人接待 妥拉 学者到自己家中、让他享用自己所有的,经上算他如同献上每日的常献之祭——因为那一节说的正是「常从我们这里经过」。
With regard to the phrasing of the verse: “He is a holy man of God who passes by us continually,” Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, said in the name of Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov: From this verse we derive that one who hosts a Torah scholar in his home and lets him enjoy his possessions, the verse ascribes to him credit as if he is sacrificing the daily [tamid] offering, as the verse states: “Passes by us continually [tamid].”
朱英译在此点出原文一字两用:作「常」的 תָּמִיד,也正是每日常献之祭的名。中文一为「常」、一为「常献之祭」,那个「同一个字」的凭据便看不出来。
10b.26
引证
论祷告的 哈拉哈:拉比哈尼纳 之子 拉比约西 托 拉比以利以谢·本·雅各 之名说,人不可站在高处祷告,当站在低处——「耶和华啊,我从深处向你求告」(诗篇 130:1)。
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论到祷告的 哈拉哈,拉比哈尼纳 之子 拉比约西 托 拉比以利以谢·本·雅各 之名说:人不可站在高处祷告,当站在低处祷告,正如经上所说:「耶和华啊,我从深处向你求告」(诗篇 130:1)。
With regard to the halakhot of prayer, Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, said in the name of Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov: A person should not stand in a high place and pray; rather, he should stand in a low place and pray, as it is stated: “I called to You, Lord, from the depths” (Psalms 130:1).
10b.27
引证
巴拉伊塔亦如此教:不可站在椅子上、凳子上或高处祷告,当站在低处,因为在神面前没有高傲——诗篇 130:1,又诗篇 102:1「困苦人发昏的时候在耶和华面前吐露苦情的祷告」。
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一段 《巴拉伊塔》 也这样教:人不可站在椅子上,不可站在凳子上,也不可站在高处祷告。
That was also taught in a baraita: One should neither stand upon a chair nor upon a stool, nor in a high place and pray.
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当站在低处祷告,因为在神面前没有高傲可言。
Rather, one should stand in a low place and pray, for there is no haughtiness before God.
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正如经上所说:「耶和华啊,我从深处向你求告」,又写着:「困苦人发昏的时候,在耶和华面前吐露苦情的祷告」(诗篇 102:1)。
As it is stated: “I called to You, Lord, from the depths” and it is written: “A prayer for the impoverished, when he is faint and pours out his complaint before God” (Psalms 102:1).
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人祷告时正该自觉困苦,所求的话也当谦卑。
It is appropriate to feel impoverished when praying and make one’s requests humbly.
10b.28
引证
又说:祷告时两脚当并齐如一足,效法天使——「他们的腿是直的」(以西结书 1:7)。
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拉比哈尼纳 之子 拉比约西 又托 拉比以利以谢·本·雅各 之名说:祷告的时候,人当把两脚并在一处如同一足,好效法天使——论到天使,经上说:「他们的腿是直的」(以西结书 1:7)。
And Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, said in the name of Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov: When praying, one should align his feet next to each other, as a single foot, in order to model oneself after the angels, with regard to whom it is stated: “And their feet were a straight foot” (Ezekiel 1:7).
10b.29
引证
「你们不可吃带血的物」(利未记 19:26)何解?不可在为自己的血祷告以前先吃——就是说,祷告以前不可进食。
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拉比以撒 说 拉比约哈难 说、拉比哈尼纳 之子 拉比约西 托 拉比以利以谢·本·雅各 之名说:经上写着「你们不可吃带血的物」(利未记 19:26),是什么意思?
Rabbi Yitzḥak said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said and Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, said in the name of Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov: What is the meaning of that which is written: “You shall not eat with the blood” (Leviticus 19:26)?
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意思是:你们不可在为自己的血祷告以前先吃。
You may not eat before you pray for your blood.
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就是说,人祷告以前不可进食。
One may not eat before he prays.
10b.30
引证
另一路传述:先吃喝后祷告的人,经上藉先知责他说「将我丢在背后」(列王纪上 14:9)——不要读作「你的背」,要读作「你的骄」。
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另有人说,拉比以撒 说 拉比约哈难 说、拉比哈尼纳 之子 拉比约西 托 拉比以利以谢·本·雅各 之名说:人先吃喝、后祷告,经上就藉先知托神的名责他说:「将我丢在背后」(列王纪上 14:9)。
Others say that Rabbi Yitzḥak said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said that Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, said in the name of Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov: One who eats and drinks and later prays, about him the verse states the rebuke of the prophet in the name of God: “And Me you have cast behind your back” (I Kings 14:9).
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人在祷告以前先顾自己身子的需用、只管吃喝,就是把神撇在一边,把自己的骄气与体面摆在神之上(马哈沙)。
One who sees to his own bodily needs by eating and drinking before prayer casts God aside, according his arrogance and ego priority over God (Maharsha).
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所以不要读作「你的背」,要读作「你的骄」。
Indeed, do not read your back [gavekha]; rather, your pride [ge’ekha].
朱英译在此点出原文的一对读法:作「你的背」的 גַּוֶּךָ,可转读作「你的骄」גַּאֲוָתֶךָ。中文的「背」与「骄」毫不相干,这一转全靠此注说明。
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神说:这人先自高、先打点了自己的需用,然后才把天国的轭领受在身上。
The Holy One, Blessed be He, said: After this one has become arrogant and engaged in satisfying his own needs, he only then accepted upon himself the kingdom of Heaven.
10b.31
引密释纳
密释纳里 拉比约书亚 说:晨间诵《听》可到白日三时。拉夫犹大 说 撒母耳 说:哈拉哈 从 拉比约书亚 之说。
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密释纳里我们学过,拉比约书亚 说:晨间诵 《听》 可以到白日三时为止。
We learned in the mishna that Rabbi Yehoshua says: One may recite the morning Shema until three hours of the day.
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拉夫犹大 说 撒母耳 说:哈拉哈 从 拉比约书亚 之说。
Rav Yehuda said that Shmuel said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehoshua.
10b.32
引密释纳
密释纳又说:过了那时才诵的人一无所失——虽未在定时上成就诵《听》之诫,仍算作诵妥拉的人,照此得赏。
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密释纳里我们又学过:过了那时候才诵 《听》 的人一无所失;他虽没有在定时上成就诵 《听》 这条诫命,却仍算作一个诵 妥拉 的人,照此得赏。
We also learned in the mishna that one who recites Shema from that time onward loses nothing; although he does not fulfill the mitzva of reciting of Shema at its appointed time, he is nevertheless considered like one who reads the Torah, and is rewarded accordingly.
10b.33
引证
拉夫希斯达 说 玛尔乌克瓦 说:这话只在他不诵 《造光者》 等随《听》而诵的那几段祝祷时才成立——那几段单为成就晨间诵《听》之诫,过了三时便不相宜。
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论到这一条断语,拉夫希斯达 说 玛尔乌克瓦 说:这话只在他不诵 《造光者》、也不诵随 《听》 而诵的其余几段祝祷时才成立——那几段单为成就晨间诵 《听》 这条诫命,过了第三时便不相宜。
With regard to this ruling, Rav Ḥisda said that Mar Ukva said: This only applies provided one does not recite: Who forms light [yotzer or], or the rest of the blessings recited along with Shema, as they pertain only to the fulfillment of the mitzva of reciting of the morning Shema; after the third hour, they are inappropriate.
10b.34
反驳
以一段巴拉伊塔驳 拉夫希斯达:过了那时诵《听》的人一无所失,算作诵妥拉的人,而且前诵二祝、后诵一祝。这一驳是定驳。
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革玛拉 以一段 《巴拉伊塔》 驳 拉夫希斯达 之说:过了那时候才诵 《听》 的人一无所失,算作一个诵 妥拉 的人,而且他前面诵两段祝祷,后面诵一段祝祷。
The Gemara raises an objection to Rav Ḥisda’s statement from a baraita: One who recites Shema from that time onward loses nothing, and is considered like one who reads Torah, but he recites two blessings beforehand and one blessing thereafter.
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这与 拉夫希斯达 所说正相反;革玛拉 便说:驳 拉夫希斯达 这一驳,是驳得倒的定驳——拉夫希斯达 之说不立,从那段 《巴拉伊塔》。
This directly contradicts Rav Ḥisda’s statement, and the Gemara notes: Indeed, the refutation of the statement of Rav Ḥisda is a conclusive refutation, and Rav Ḥisda’s opinion is rejected in favor of that of the baraita.
10b.35
解答
另一路传述则相反:拉夫希斯达 说 玛尔乌克瓦 说,「一无所失」正是说他不失诵那几段祝祷的机会,过了诵《听》之时仍可诵——巴拉伊塔亦如此教。
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另有人说,拉夫希斯达 说 玛尔乌克瓦 说的正相反:密释纳所说的「一无所失」是什么意思?
Some say that Rav Ḥisda said that Mar Ukva said the opposite: What is the meaning of: Loses nothing, in the mishna?
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意思是:过了第三时才诵 《听》 的人,并不失去诵那几段祝祷的机会,虽然诵 《听》 的时候已过,他仍可以诵。
This means that one who recites Shema after the third hour does not lose the opportunity to recite the blessings and is permitted to recite them although the time for the recitation of Shema has passed.
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一段 《巴拉伊塔》 也这样教:过了这时候才诵 《听》 的人一无所失,算作一个诵 妥拉 的人,而且他前面诵两段祝祷,后面诵一段。
That was also taught in a baraita: One who recites Shema after this time loses nothing, and is considered like one who reads the Torah, but he recites two blessings beforehand and one thereafter.
10b.36
推论
拉比玛尼 说:按时诵《听》的,胜过研习妥拉的。据密释纳推之:过时者与诵妥拉者相当,按时者又胜过过时者——可见按时诵《听》是一举成就两诫。
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就着我们这段密释纳,拉比玛尼 说:按时诵 《听》 的,胜过研习 妥拉 的。
With regard to our mishna, Rabbi Mani said: Greater is one who recites Shema at its appropriate time than one who engages in Torah study.
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所举之证出自密释纳所教的那一句:过了这时候才诵 《听》 的人一无所失,算作一个诵 妥拉 的人。
A proof is cited based on what was taught in the mishna: One who recites Shema after this time loses nothing and is considered like one who reads the Torah.
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由此推之:按时诵 《听》 的胜过不按时的,而不按时的与诵 妥拉 的相当;可见人按时诵 《听》,是一举成就两条诫命——研习 妥拉 与诵 《听》。
This is proven by inference, since one who recites Shema at its appointed time is greater than one who does not, and one who does not is equal to one who reads the Torah, when one recites Shema at its appointed time he fulfills two mitzvot, that of Torah study and that of the recitation of Shema.
10b.37
引密释纳
沙迈学派与希列学派争诵《听》之式。沙迈学派说:当照《听》本文所指而行——晚间人人侧卧而诵,应「你躺卧」;早晨起立而诵,应「你起来」。
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沙迈学派 与 希列学派 争诵 《听》 该取什么姿势。
Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel disputed the proper way to recite Shema.
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沙迈学派 说:诵 《听》 当照 《听》 本文所指的样式而行。
Beit Shammai say: One should recite Shema in the manner indicated in the text of Shema itself.
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所以晚间人人必侧卧而诵 《听》,以应那一句「你躺卧」;早晨必起立而诵 《听》,以应「你起来」,正如经上所说:「你躺卧、你起来」。
Therefore, in the evening every person must recline on his side and recite Shema, in fulfillment of the verse: “When you lie down,” and in the morning he must stand and recite Shema, in fulfillment of the verse: When you rise, as it is stated: “When you lie down, and when you rise.”
10b.38
引密释纳
希列学派说:人各按自己当时的样子诵,日间夜间取何姿势都以自便——「你行在路上」,那时人既非站立也非躺卧。
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希列学派 说:人各按自己当时的样子诵 《听》,日间夜间取哪一种姿势都可以,怎样便当就怎样,正如经上所说:「你行在路上」——那时人既不是站着,也不是躺着(梅伊里注)。
And Beit Hillel say: Every person recites Shema as he is, and he may do so in whatever position is most comfortable for him, both day and night, as it is stated: “And when you walk along the way,” when one is neither standing nor reclining (Me’iri).
10b.39
提问
照希列学派,那「你躺卧、你起来」何以要说?答:那只是记时候——在人躺卧的时候,在人起来的时候。
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若是这样,照 希列学派,经上「你躺卧、你起来」这一句何以要说呢?
If so, according to Beit Hillel, why was it stated: “When you lie down, and when you rise”?
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那不过是用来记时候:在人躺卧的时候,在人起来的时候。
This is merely to denote time; at the time when people lie down and the time when people rise.
10b.40
引密释纳
拉比塔尔丰 说:有一回我在路上,停下侧卧,照沙迈学派之说诵《听》,却因路上的强人而自陷于险。
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论到这条 哈拉哈,拉比塔尔丰 说:有一回我在路上走,停下来侧卧,照 沙迈学派 之说诵 《听》。
With regard to this halakha, Rabbi Tarfon said: Once, I was coming on the road when I stopped and reclined to recite Shema in accordance with the statement of Beit Shammai.
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拉比塔尔丰 虽是 希列学派 门下,却以为照 沙迈学派 之说而行,是把这条诫命守得更严谨,两派之说都可无碍。
Although Rabbi Tarfon was a disciple of Beit Hillel, he thought that fulfilling the mitzva in accordance with the opinion of Beit Shammai would be a more meticulous fulfillment of the mitzva, acceptable to all opinions.
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不料这样一来,我倒因路上劫掠行人的强人而自陷于险。
Yet in so doing, I endangered myself due to the highwaymen [listim] who accost travelers.
朱英译此处把原文那个词原样留着(לִסְטִים,借自希腊语,指路劫之徒)。中文作「强人」是取和合本的说法,那个词本是外来语这一层便看不出来了。
10b.41
引密释纳
贤哲们对他说:你活该陷在这送命的地步,因为你违了希列学派之说。此语革玛拉下文再解。
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贤哲们对他说:你活该落在这可能送命的地步,因为你违了 希列学派 之说。
The Sages said to him: You deserved to be in a position where you were liable to pay with your life, as you transgressed the statement of Beit Hillel.
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这句话,革玛拉 下文再解。
This statement will be explained in the Gemara.