所本的一节:「我造光,又造暗;我施平安,又降灾祸;造作这一切的是我耶和华」(以赛亚书 45:7)。
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「我造光,又造暗;我施平安,又降灾祸。造作这一切的是我耶和华」(以赛亚书 45:7)。
“Who forms light and creates darkness, Who makes peace and creates evil, I am the Lord Who does all these things” (Isaiah 45:7).
← 祝祷卷总目·第一章 从何时起
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 5 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
所本的一节:「我造光,又造暗;我施平安,又降灾祸;造作这一切的是我耶和华」(以赛亚书 45:7)。
「我造光,又造暗;我施平安,又降灾祸。造作这一切的是我耶和华」(以赛亚书 45:7)。
“Who forms light and creates darkness, Who makes peace and creates evil, I am the Lord Who does all these things” (Isaiah 45:7).
何不改作「造光、造亮」,免得提「暗」这个不吉之字?
论到这段祝祷的辞句,革玛拉 问:何不改说「造光、造亮」,免得提起「暗」这个带凶意的字?
With regard to this formula of the blessing, the Gemara asks: Let him say the following formula instead: Who forms light and creates brightness, so as not to mention darkness, which has negative connotations.
答:祝祷照经上所写而诵,不改经文的措辞。
革玛拉 答:我们诵这祝祷,是照圣经上所写的字句而诵,不改那一节里的措辞。
The Gemara answers: We say the blessing as the verse is written in the Bible and do not alter the formula that appears in the verse.
驳曰:那么下半句「又降灾祸」呢?我们诵的却是「造作这一切」,正是避讳改过的;既然如此,「暗」也该改作「亮」才是。
革玛拉 大力反诘:若是这样,那一节的下半句「我施平安,又降灾祸」又当如何?
The Gemara strongly objects: But if so, what about the continuation of the verse: “Who makes peace and creates evil”?
这一句我们也照圣经上所写的诵么?
Do we say this blessing as it is written in the Bible?
其实不然:经上写的是「灾祸」,我们诵祝祷时却讳称作「这一切」,为的是不把「灾祸」说出口。
Rather, it is written evil and we euphemistically recite the blessing all things to avoid mention of evil.
既然如此,此处也该照样讳称,把「暗」说成「亮」才是。
Here, too, let us euphemistically say brightness instead of darkness.
拉瓦 说:所以诵「造暗」,是要在白日提夜的属性、在夜间提昼的属性,使昼夜合为一体的两面。
其实不然。拉瓦 说:我们所以诵「又造暗」,是要在白日里提起夜的属性,在夜间提起昼的属性,好使昼与夜合为一体的两面。
Rather, Rava said: The reason we recite: “Who creates darkness” is in order to mention the attribute of day at night and the attribute of night during the day, and thereby unify day and night as different parts of a single entity.
白日提夜是有的——「造光,又造暗」;可夜间何处提昼?夜间那段论光体的祝祷里并没有「造光」一语。
革玛拉 接着问:白日里提起夜的属性,这是有的——我们诵「造光,又造暗」;可是夜间提起昼的属性,你在哪里找得着呢?
The Gemara continues and asks: Granted, the attribute of night is mentioned during the day, as we say: Who forms light and creates darkness, but where do you find the attribute of day mentioned at night?
夜间所诵那段论光体的祝祷里,并没有「造光」这一语。
In the blessing over the radiant lights recited at night there is no mention of “Who forms light.”
阿巴耶 说:夜间也提了——「卷去光在暗之前,卷去暗在光之前」。
阿巴耶 说:夜间到底也提起了昼的属性,就在这一句里:「卷去光在暗之前,卷去暗在光之前。」
Abaye said: Nevertheless, the attribute of day is mentioned at night in the words: Rolling away light before the darkness and darkness before the light.
《听》之前另一段祝祷辞句如何?拉夫犹大 托 撒母耳 之名说:诵《丰盛之爱》。拉比以利亚撒 也嘱其子 拉比佩达特 如此诵。
革玛拉 问:诵 《听》 之前那另一段祝祷,辞句又是怎样的?
The Gemara asks: And what is the formula of the other blessing recited before Shema?
拉夫犹大 托 撒母耳 之名说:诵 《丰盛之爱》。
Rav Yehuda said in the name of Shmuel: An abounding love [ahava rabba].
拉比以利亚撒 也嘱咐他儿子 拉比佩达特 照样诵 《丰盛之爱》。
And Rabbi Elazar instructed his son, Rabbi Pedat, to also say: An abounding love.
巴拉伊塔亦如此教:不诵《永远之爱》,当诵《丰盛之爱》。众拉比则说当诵《永远之爱》,并引「我以永远的爱爱你」(耶利米书 31:3)为据。
一段 《巴拉伊塔》 也这样教:不诵 《永远之爱》,当诵 《丰盛之爱》。
That was also taught in a baraita: One does not recite: An eternal love [ahavat olam]; rather, one recites: An abounding love.
众拉比却说当诵 《永远之爱》,并说经上正如此说:「我以永远的爱爱你,因此我以慈爱吸引你」(耶利米书 31:3)。
And the Rabbis say that one recites: An eternal love, and so it says: “And an eternal love I have loved you, therefore I have drawn you with kindness” (Jeremiah 31:3).
《丰盛之爱》一祝里含着谢神赐妥拉之意。故 拉夫犹大 说 撒母耳 说:人起来研习,诵《听》以前须先诵一段论妥拉的祝祷;已诵《听》的就不必,因《丰盛之爱》已把那一层包在内。
《丰盛之爱》 这一祝,说的是神对我们的爱,其中含着谢神赐下 妥拉 之意。
The blessing: An abounding love, is about God’s love for us and includes praise for His giving us the Torah.
故此 拉夫犹大 说 撒母耳 说:人起来研习,在诵 《听》 以前,须先为 妥拉 诵一段专门的祝祷。
Therefore, Rav Yehuda said that Shmuel said: One who arose to study, until he recites Shema he must recite a special blessing over the Torah.
他若已诵过 《听》,就不必再诵那一段了,因为他诵 《丰盛之爱》 时已经把自己的本分了了——那一祝里已含着论 妥拉 那一祝的各样意思。
If he already recited Shema he need not recite that blessing, as he has exempted himself by reciting the blessing of: An abounding love, which includes the components of the blessing over the Torah.
由此论「何者算研习妥拉、须先诵祝」。拉夫胡纳 说:读圣经须诵祝,因那是神的话;讲哈拉哈米德拉什则不必。
既提到为 妥拉 所诵的祝祷,革玛拉 便转而论一桩争议:什么才算「妥拉」,须先诵祝。
Having mentioned the blessing recited over Torah, the Gemara focuses on a dispute over what constitutes Torah in terms of requiring a blessing.
拉夫胡纳 说:读圣经须先诵祝,因那是神的话;至于讲 哈拉哈 的 米德拉什——就是从经文推出律法那一路——则不必诵祝。
Rav Huna said: For the study of Bible, one must recite a blessing, as it is the word of God, and for halakhic midrash, the derivation of halakhot from verses, one need not recite a blessing.
拉比以利亚撒 说:圣经与米德拉什(从经文本身推出的律法)都须诵祝;密释纳只是贤哲所定的断语,不必诵祝。
拉比以利亚撒 说:读圣经与讲 米德拉什——那里头的 哈拉哈 是从经文本身推出来的——都须先诵祝;至于 《密释纳》,那只是贤哲所定的断语,就不必诵祝。
And Rabbi Elazar said: For Bible and midrash, which includes halakhot derived from verses themselves, one must recite a blessing; for Mishna, which is only comprised of halakhic rulings issued by the Sages, one need not recite a blessing.
拉比约哈难 说:连密释纳也须诵祝,因其所载是最终有约束力的断语;至于塔木德——研究密释纳及其断语之所本——则不必。
拉比约哈难 说:连 《密释纳》 也须先诵祝,因为那里所载是最终有约束力的断语;至于 塔木德——就是研究 《密释纳》 与其断语所以然的那一门——则不必诵祝。
And Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Even for Mishna, which includes final, binding halakhic rulings, one must recite a blessing as well, but for Talmud, which comprises a study of the Mishna and the rationales for its rulings, one need not recite a blessing.
拉瓦 说:连塔木德也须诵祝——那是辨明诸律法分量的路径,也是唯一能引人见其真义的研习。
拉瓦 说:连 塔木德 也须先诵祝——那是辨明诸 哈拉哈 分量的路径,也是唯一能引人见 妥拉 真义的一门研习。
And Rava said: Even for Talmud, which is the means to analyze the significance of the halakhot, and is the only form of Torah study that leads one to its true meaning, one must recite a blessing.
以 拉夫 的行事为证:其门人 拉夫希亚·巴尔·阿希 说,我多次立于 拉夫 前学《西弗拉》——即《祭司妥拉》——见他必先洗手、诵祝,然后才开讲。
这一说,可由 拉夫 平日行事所见的 哈拉哈 得着印证。
This statement is supported by the practical halakha derived from observation of Rav’s practice.
他的门人 拉夫希亚·巴尔·阿希 说:我多次立在 拉夫 面前,学 《西弗拉》——又名 《祭司妥拉》,就是《利未记》的哈拉哈米德拉什——的本章,是 拉夫 学派所传的;我见 拉夫 必先洗手,再诵一段祝祷,然后才把本章讲给我们。
His student, Rav Ḥiyya bar Ashi, said: Many times I stood before Rav to study our chapter in the Sifra, also known as Torat Kohanim, the halakhic midrash on Leviticus, of the school of Rav, and I saw that Rav would first wash his hands, then recite a blessing, and only then he would teach us our chapter.
这就见得:连学 《祭司妥拉》 之前也须先诵祝——因 拉夫 讲其律法所以然,其实与研习 塔木德 相当。
This demonstrates that even before their study of Torat Kohanim, which, due to Rav’s explanation of the reasons behind the halakhot, was the equivalent of studying Talmud, one must recite a blessing.
所诵是哪一式的祝祷?此处亦有争议。拉夫犹大 说 撒母耳 说:与诸诫之祝同式——「主我们的神,宇宙的王,你是应当称颂的;你以你的诫命使我们成圣,又吩咐我们研习妥拉之事。」
革玛拉 理清一问:他所诵的是哪一式的祝祷?
The Gemara clarifies: What formula of blessings does he recite?
这祝祷的辞句上也有争议。
There is a dispute over the formula of the blessings as well.
拉夫犹大 说 撒母耳 说:这一祝的辞句与为别的诫命所诵的常式相同——「主我们的神,宇宙的王,你是应当称颂的;你以你的诫命使我们成圣,又吩咐我们研习 妥拉 之事。」
Rav Yehuda said that Shmuel said: The formula of this blessing is like the standard formula for blessings recited over other mitzvot: Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the universe, Who sanctified us with his mitzvot and commanded us to engage in matters of Torah.
拉比约哈难 在末了加一段:求主使你妥拉的话在我们口中、在你百姓以色列家口中甘甜……称颂你,将妥拉教训他百姓以色列的主。
拉比约哈难 则在末了添这样一段作结:主我们的神啊,求你使你 妥拉 的话在我们口中、在你百姓 以色列 家的口中甘甜,好叫我们与我们的后裔、并你百姓 以色列 家的后裔,都作认识你名、研习你 妥拉 的人。
And Rabbi Yoḥanan concludes the blessing by adding the following: Lord our God, make the words of Your Torah sweet in our mouths and in the mouths of Your people, the house of Israel, so that we and our descendants and the descendants of Your people, the house of Israel, may be those who know Your name and engage in Your Torah.
主啊,你是应当称颂的,你将 妥拉 教训你的百姓 以色列。
Blessed are You, Lord, Who teaches Torah to His people Israel.
拉夫哈姆努纳 另出一式:「他从万民中拣选我们,把他的妥拉赐给我们……称颂你,赐妥拉的主。」他说:这一短祝是诸妥拉之祝中最上等的。
拉夫哈姆努纳 又出一式:「他从万民中拣选了我们,把他的 妥拉 赐给我们。」
And Rav Hamnuna said an additional formula: Who has chosen us from all the peoples and given us His Torah.
「主啊,你是应当称颂的,你是赐 妥拉 的主。」
Blessed are You, Lord, Giver of the Torah.
论到这一式,拉夫哈姆努纳 说:这一段短祝,是诸论 妥拉 之祝中最上等的一段——因为它既谢神赐下 妥拉,又同时称扬 妥拉 与 以色列。
With regard to this formula, Rav Hamnuna said: This concise blessing is the most outstanding of all the blessings over the Torah, as it combines thanks to God for giving us the Torah as well as acclaim for the Torah and for Israel.
几式各有所长,故断曰:三式都诵,作为妥拉之祝。
既然论 妥拉 的祝祷举出好几式、各有各的长处,革玛拉 便断曰:那么,就把这几式都诵了,一并作为论 妥拉 的祝祷。
Since several formulas for the blessing over Torah were suggested, each with its own distinct advantage, the Gemara concludes: Therefore, let us recite them all as blessings over the Torah.
转回《听》前后的祝祷,述圣殿中的规矩(《日常燔祭卷》 的密释纳):副大祭司吩咐当值班次「诵一段祝祷」;他们诵祝,读十诫、《听》、《你们若留意听》、《耶和华晓谕》;又以三祝为民祝福;安息日另加一祝,为将退的班次祝福。
革玛拉 转回来论那与 《听》 相连而诵的几段祝祷,并述圣殿里的规矩。
The Gemara returns to dealing with the blessings that accompany Shema, and describes the practice in the Temple.
我们在那里学过,就是 《日常燔祭卷》 的一段密释纳:早晨,那位受派管理圣殿事务的副大祭司,对当周轮值的那一班祭司——就是 班次——说:诵一段祝祷。
We learned there, in a mishna in tractate Tamid: In the morning the deputy High Priest appointed to oversee activity in the Temple, said to the priests who were members of the priestly watch [mishmar] on duty that week: Recite a single blessing.
那一班祭司便诵了一段祝祷,又读十诫、《听》、《你们若留意听》 与 《耶和华晓谕》,就是诵 《听》 的常规三段。
The members of the priestly watch recited a blessing, and read the Ten Commandments, Shema, VeHaya im Shamoa and VaYomer, the standard recitation of Shema.
此外,他们又以三段祝祷为百姓祝福。
Additionally, they blessed the people with three blessings.
那三段是:《真实而坚定》,就是诵 《听》 之后那段救赎之祝;《圣工祷》,就是为献祭蒙悦纳而诵的那一段,与 《立祷》 里的圣工一段相类;并祭司的祝福——只是照祷告的样式诵出,不像平日那样举手(托萨福)。
These blessings were: True and Firm, the blessing of redemption recited after Shema; Avoda, service, the special blessing recited over God’s acceptance of the sacrifices with favor, similar to the blessing of Temple Service recited in the Amida prayer; and the priestly benediction, recited in the form of a prayer without the outstretched hands that usually accompany that blessing (Tosafot).
到安息日另加一段祝祷,为将退的那一班祭司祝福,因为在圣殿轮值的班次是安息日交接的。
And on Shabbat one blessing is added to bless the outgoing priestly watch, as the watch serving in the Temple was replaced on Shabbat.
副大祭司所吩咐的「一段祝祷」是哪一段?拉比阿巴 与 拉比约西·巴尔·阿巴 到某处被人问及,答不上来;问 拉夫马塔纳 也答不上来;问到 拉夫犹大,他说 撒母耳 之说:就是《丰盛之爱》。
这段密释纳里有几处交代得不够清楚。
Certain details in this mishna are not sufficiently clear.
头一处是:副大祭司吩咐那一班祭司所诵的「一段祝祷」,究竟是哪一段?
First, what is the single blessing that the deputy High Priest instructed the guards to recite?
革玛拉 记道:这好比那一件事——拉比阿巴 与 拉比约西·巴尔·阿巴 恰到某一处地方,那里的人问他们:密释纳里说的「一段祝祷」是哪一段?
The Gemara relates: It is like the incident where Rabbi Abba and Rabbi Yosei bar Abba happened to visit a certain unnamed place, and the people there asked them: What is the single blessing mentioned in the mishna?
他们一时答不上来。
They did not have an answer readily available.
于是他们来问 拉夫马塔纳,他也一时答不上来。
So they came and asked Rav Mattana, and he too did not have an answer readily available.
他们又来问 拉夫犹大,他对他们说:撒母耳 是这样说的——那一班祭司所诵的一段祝祷,就是 《丰盛之爱》。
They came and asked Rav Yehuda, and he told them: Shmuel said as follows: An abounding love is the single blessing recited by the priestly watch.
拉比泽里卡 托 拉比阿米 托 拉比西缅·本·拉基什 另出一说:是《造光者》。但 拉夫以撒·巴尔·约瑟 从以色列地来,说那并非原话,是从另一句推出的——原话是:《日常燔祭卷》说「诵一段祝祷」,可见《听》前二祝不诵其一并不妨碍另一段。
拉比泽里卡 说 拉比阿米 说 拉比西缅·本·拉基什 另有一答:这「一段祝祷」是 《造光者》。
Rabbi Zerika said that Rabbi Ami said that Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said a different answer: This single blessing is: Who creates light.
拉比西缅·本·拉基什 这句话在巴比伦是这样传的;可是 拉夫以撒·巴尔·约瑟 从 以色列地 来到巴比伦,却说这条 哈拉哈 并非 拉比西缅·本·拉基什 的原话。
That was how Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish’s statement was received in Babylonia, yet when Rav Yitzḥak bar Yosef came from Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia, he said that this halakha was not a direct quote of a statement by Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish.
拉比泽里卡 所说的那一句,拉比西缅·本·拉基什 并没有明说,乃是从他另一句话里推出来的。
That which Rabbi Zerika said was not stated explicitly by Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish, but rather it was inferred from another statement.
因为 拉比泽里卡 说 拉比阿米 说 拉比西缅·本·拉基什 说:从 《日常燔祭卷》 那段密释纳「诵一段祝祷」这句话看,可知诵 《听》 之前那两段祝祷,不诵其一并不妨碍另一段。
As Rabbi Zerika said that Rabbi Ami said that Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: From the expression: Recite a single blessing, in the mishna in tractate Tamid, it follows that failure to recite one of the blessings recited before Shema does not prevent one from reciting the other.
就是说:只诵了其中一段的,那一段的本分也算尽了,因为两段并不彼此相系。
This means that if only one of the blessings was recited, the obligation to recite that blessing was fulfilled, as the two blessings are not mutually dependent.
由此推得他所主的是《造光者》:若他们诵的是《造光者》而未诵《丰盛之爱》,却仍算尽了本分,雷什·拉基什「不诵其一不妨碍另一段」之断便讲得通。
人便从 拉比西缅·本·拉基什 这句话推得:他所主张的「一段祝祷」是 《造光者》。
The conclusion was drawn from Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish’s statement that he held that the single blessing recited was: Who creates light.
贤哲们所以这样推,理由是:你若说他们诵的是 《造光者》,那么 雷什·拉基什 那一断——诵 《听》 之前两段祝祷,不诵其一并不妨碍另一段——就讲得通了;因为他们诵了 《造光者》,没有诵 《丰盛之爱》,却照样算尽了本分。
The considerations that led the Sages to that conclusion were: Granted, if you say that they would recite: Who creates light, then the conclusion of Reish Lakish, that failure to recite one of the blessings recited before Shema does not prevent one from reciting the other, is understandable, as they recited: Who creates light, and did not recite: An abounding love, and they nonetheless fulfilled their obligation.