13a.1
解答
接上文:并非说「雅各」之名要连根拔去,乃是「以色列」为主、「雅各」退居其次——妥拉此后仍称他雅各。又引以赛亚书 43:18「不要记念从前的事」以证后来的救赎要盖过先前的。
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并不是说 雅各 这名要从它的位子上连根拔去,乃是说 以色列 这名要作主,雅各 退居其次——因为此事以后,妥拉 仍旧称他作 雅各。
not that the name Jacob will be entirely uprooted from its place, but that the name Israel will be the primary name to which the name Jacob will be secondary, as the Torah continues to refer to him as Jacob after this event.
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经上又说,末后的救赎要盖过先前的救赎,正如那一节:「你们不要记念从前的事,也不要思想古时的事」(以赛亚书 43:18);革玛拉 解说:「不要记念从前的事」指的是脱离列国的辖制,「不要思想古时的事」指的是出 埃及 一事——那是在受列国辖制以前的。
And it also says that the ultimate redemption will overshadow the previous redemption in the verse: “Do not remember the former events, and do not ponder things of old” (Isaiah 43:18), and the Gemara explains: “Do not remember the former events,” that is the subjugation to the kingdoms, and “do not ponder things of old,” that is the exodus from Egypt, which occurred before the subjugation to the nations.
13a.2
引证
论下一节「看哪,我要做一件新事,如今要发现」(以赛亚书 43:19),拉夫约瑟 传一段巴拉伊塔:这指的是将来歌革与玛各之战,那一战要叫先前诸事都被忘了。
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论到下一节「看哪,我要做一件新事,如今要发现,你们岂不知道么」(以赛亚书 43:19),拉夫约瑟 传一段 《巴拉伊塔》 说:这指的是将来 歌革 与 玛各 之战——那一战要叫先前诸事都被忘了。
With regard to the following verse: “Behold, I will do new things, now it will spring forth” (Isaiah 43:19), Rav Yosef taught a baraita: This refers to the future war of Gog and Magog, which will cause all earlier events to be forgotten.
13a.3
引证
作一譬喻:人在路上先遇狼得脱,便讲狼的事;又遇狮得脱,便讲狮的事;再遇蛇得脱,就把狮与狼都忘了,只讲蛇的事。以色列也是如此——近处的患难叫先前的患难被忘。
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革玛拉 举一譬喻:这好比什么呢?
The Gemara cites a parable: To what is this comparable?
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好比一个人在路上走,遇见一只狼,他得脱了,便一路讲那狼的事。
To a person who was walking along the way and a wolf accosted him and he survived it, and he continued to relate the story of the wolf.
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又遇见一只狮子,他也得脱了,便一路讲那狮子的事。
A lion accosted him and he survived it, and he continued to relate the story of the lion.
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再遇见一条蛇,他仍得脱了,就把狮子与狼都忘了,只一路讲那蛇的事。
A snake accosted him and he survived it, he forgot both the lion and the wolf, and he continued to relate the story of the snake.
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一回比一回险,一回得脱比一回更奇,所以他总讲最近的那一回。
Each encounter was more dangerous and each escape more miraculous than the last, so he would continue to relate the most recent story.
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以色列 也是如此:近处的患难,叫先前的患难被忘了。
So too with Israel; more recent troubles cause the earlier troubles to be forgotten.
13a.4
提问
既提到雅各改名,革玛拉 便议亚伯拉罕与撒拉改名。亚伯兰改作亚伯拉罕是什么意思?据历代志上 1:27「亚伯兰就是亚伯拉罕」。
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既提到 雅各 改名一事,革玛拉 便转而论 亚伯拉罕 与 撒拉 改名。
Having mentioned the changing of Jacob’s name, the Gemara addresses the changing of the names of Abraham and Sarah.
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把 亚伯兰 的名改作 亚伯拉罕,是什么意思?
What is the meaning of changing Abram’s name to Abraham?
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正如经上所说:「亚伯兰 就是 亚伯拉罕」(历代志上 1:27)。
As it is stated: “Abram is Abraham” (I Chronicles 1:27).
13a.5
解答
起初他只作亚兰一地之父、之尊,故名亚伯兰,就是「亚兰之父」;后来蒙神赐福,作了全世界之父,故名亚伯拉罕,就是「多族之父」(创世记 17:5)。
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革玛拉 解说:起初他不过是作 亚兰 一地的父、一地的尊长、一地的显者,所以叫 亚伯兰,就是「亚兰 之父」;后来蒙神赐福,作了全世界的父,所以叫 亚伯拉罕,就是「多族之父」,正如经上所说:「我已立你作多国的父」(创世记 17:5)。
The Gemara explains: Initially he became a father, a minister, and prominent person, only to Aram, so he was called Abram, father [av] of Aram, and ultimately with God’s blessing he became the father of the entire world, so he was called Abraham, father of the masses [av hamon], as it is stated: “I have made you the father of a multitude of nations” (Genesis 17:5).
朱英译在此把两名拆开解字:אַב「父」+ אֲרָם「亚兰」为 亚伯兰,אַב「父」+ הֲמוֹן「众多」为 亚伯拉罕。中文的「亚伯兰」「亚伯拉罕」是音译,拆不出这两截,全靠此注说明。
13a.6
提问
同样,撒莱改作撒拉是什么意思?其理与亚伯兰改亚伯拉罕相同——「撒莱就是撒拉」。
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同样,把 撒莱 的名改作 撒拉,是什么意思?
Similarly, what is the meaning of changing Sarai’s name to Sarah?
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撒莱 一事与 亚伯兰 一事同理:「撒莱 就是 撒拉。」
The same concept applies to Sarai as to Abram: Sarai is Sarah.”
13a.7
解答
起初她只作本族的公主,故名撒莱,就是「我的公主」;后来作了撒拉,那是通称,见得她作全世界的公主。
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革玛拉 解说:起初她不过作她本族的公主,所以叫 撒莱,就是「我的公主」;后来她作了 撒拉——那是个通称,见得她作全世界的公主。
The Gemara explains: Initially she was a princess only to her nation: My princess [Sarai], but ultimately she became Sarah, a general term indicating that she was princess for the entire world.
朱英译在此点出原文的分别:שָׂרַי 末尾那个 -ai 是「我的」,故为「我的公主」;שָׂרָה 则无所属,是通称。中文的「撒莱」「撒拉」是音译,这一层分别看不出来。
13a.8
引证
巴尔·卡帕拉说:凡称亚伯拉罕作亚伯兰的,违了一条当行之诫,据「你的名要叫亚伯拉罕」(创世记 17:5)。拉比以利以谢 说:那是违了一条禁令——「你的名不再叫亚伯兰」。
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论到 亚伯拉罕 的名,巴尔·卡帕拉 又教说:凡称 亚伯拉罕 作 亚伯兰 的,就违了一条当行之诫,正如经上所说:「你的名要叫 亚伯拉罕」(创世记 17:5)。
Also, with regard to Abraham’s name, bar Kappara taught: Anyone who calls Abraham Abram transgresses a positive mitzva, as it is stated: “And your name will be Abraham” (Genesis 17:5).
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这一句是一条当行之诫,吩咐人称他作 亚伯拉罕。
This is a positive mitzva to refer to him as Abraham.
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拉比以利以谢 说:称 亚伯拉罕 作 亚伯兰 的,是违了一条禁令,正如经上所说:「你的名不再叫 亚伯兰,要叫 亚伯拉罕,因为我已立你作多国的父」(创世记 17:5)。
Rabbi Eliezer says: One who calls Abraham Abram transgresses a negative mitzva, as it is stated: “And your name shall no longer be called Abram, and your name will be Abraham, for I have made you the father of a multitude of nations” (Genesis 17:5).
13a.9
反驳
若这两句真是诫命,那么由此推之,称撒拉作撒莱的,也该算违了当行之诫或禁令。
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革玛拉 问:这两句若真作诫命看,那么由此推之,称 撒拉 作 撒莱 的,也该算违了一条当行之诫或一条禁令了。
The Gemara asks: But if we consider these obligatory statements, then from here we must infer that one who calls Sarah Sarai also transgresses a positive or negative mitzva.
13a.10
解答
答:撒拉那一处不是通行之诫,乃是神单对亚伯拉罕说的——「你的妻子撒莱,不可再叫撒莱,她的名要叫撒拉」(创世记 17:15);亚伯拉罕那一处却是泛言:「你的名不再叫亚伯兰。」
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革玛拉 答:撒拉 那一处不是一条通行的诫命,乃是神单单对 亚伯拉罕 一人说的:「神又对 亚伯拉罕 说:你的妻子 撒莱,不可再叫 撒莱,她的名要叫 撒拉」(创世记 17:15)。
The Gemara answers: There in the case of Sarah, it is not a general mitzva, rather the Holy One, Blessed be He, said to Abraham alone: “And God said to Abraham, your wife Sarai, you shall not call her name Sarai; rather, Sarah is her name” (Genesis 17:15).
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论到 亚伯拉罕 那一处却是泛泛而言:「你的名不再叫 亚伯兰。」
In contrast, this is stated regarding Abraham in general terms: “Your name shall no longer be called Abram.”
13a.11
反驳
若是这样,那么称雅各作雅各的也该违诫——经上写着「你的名不要再叫雅各,要叫以色列」(创世记 32:29)。
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革玛拉 又问:若是这样,那么称 雅各 作 雅各 的也该违了一条诫命——论到他,经上写着:「你的名不要再叫 雅各,要叫 以色列」(创世记 32:29)。
Again, the Gemara asks: But if that is so, one who calls Jacob Jacob, about whom it is written: “Your name shall no longer be Jacob, but Israel” (Genesis 32:29), also transgresses a mitzva.
13a.12
解答
答:那一处不同,因经上后来又回过头来,神自己仍称他雅各——他下埃及以前,「夜间在异象中对以色列说:雅各!雅各!」(创世记 46:2)。
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革玛拉 答:那一处不同,因为经上后来又回过头来,神自己仍旧称他作 雅各——他下 埃及 以前,经上写着:「夜间,神在异象中对 以色列 说:雅各!雅各!他说:我在这里」(创世记 46:2)。
The Gemara answers: It is different there, as the verse reverts back and God Himself refers to Jacob as Jacob, as it is written before his descent to Egypt: “And God said to Israel in the visions of the night, and said, Jacob, Jacob, and he said, ‘Here I am’” (Genesis 46:2).
13a.13
反驳
拉比约西·巴尔·阿维恩(有人说是拉比约西·巴尔·泽维达)驳巴尔·卡帕拉与 拉比以利以谢:尼希米记 9:7 追述以色列史时说「你是耶和华神,曾拣选亚伯兰,领他出迦勒底的吾珥,给他改名叫亚伯拉罕」——那里仍称他亚伯兰。
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拉比约西·巴尔·阿维恩——有人说是 拉比约西·巴尔·泽维达——就着追述以色列人历史的那一节,驳 巴尔·卡帕拉 与 拉比以利以谢 之说:「你是耶和华神,曾拣选 亚伯兰,领他出 迦勒底的吾珥,给他改名叫 亚伯拉罕」(尼希米记 9:7)。
Rabbi Yosei bar Avin, and some say Rabbi Yosei bar Zevida, raised an objection to the statements of bar Kappara and Rabbi Eliezer based on what is said in the recounting of the history of the Jewish people: “You are the Lord, God, Who chose Abram and took him out of Ur Kasdim and made his name Abraham” (Nehemiah 9:7).
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这里圣经仍旧称他作 亚伯兰。
Here the Bible refers to him as Abram.
13a.14
解答
答:那里先知是在数说神的恩,连他改名以前的光景也一并说了。那一节接着说:「领他出迦勒底的吾珥,给他改名叫亚伯拉罕,你见他在你面前心里诚实……」(尼希米记 9:7–8)。
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革玛拉 答:那里先知是在数说神的恩,连他改名作 亚伯拉罕 以前原是怎样的光景,也一并说了。
The Gemara responds: There, the prophet is recounting God’s praises, including that which was the situation originally, before his name was changed to Abraham.
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那一节接着说:「你领他出 迦勒底的吾珥,给他改名叫 亚伯拉罕,你见他在你面前心里诚实,就与他立约,应许把 迦南 地……赐给他的后裔,并且应验了你的话,因为你是公义的」(尼希米记 9:7–8)。
Indeed, the verse continues: “You took him out of Ur Kasdim and made his name Abraham, and found his heart faithful before You and made a covenant with him to give him the land of Canaan…to give to his descendants, and You fulfilled Your words for You are righteous” (Nehemiah 9:7–8).
13a.15
引证
章末语:「我们必再回到你这里,从何时起」——第一章(Me'eimatai)到此为止。塔木德每学完一章便诵此语,既是收束,也是「还要再来」的许诺;章名取该章密释纳的开篇数词。
13a.16
引密释纳
第二章起首。密释纳先问存心:人正读妥拉里《听》那几段,恰逢诵《听》之时——他若存了心,便算尽了本分,不必再诵(拉比奴·哈纳内尔)。
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密释纳所议的头一件,是存心的事。
The first question discussed in the mishna is the question of intent.
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人正读 妥拉 里那几段构成 《听》 的经文,恰逢晨间或晚间诵 《听》 的时候到了——他若在那时存了心,便算尽了本分,不必为着尽本分再诵一遍 《听》。
One who was reading the sections of the Torah which comprise Shema, and the time for the recitation of the morning or evening Shema arrived, if he focused his heart, he fulfilled his obligation and need not repeat Shema in order to fulfill his obligation.
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纵然他没有诵那几段该诵的祝祷,也是如此(拉比奴·哈纳内尔)。
This is true even if he failed to recite the requisite blessings (Rabbeinu Ḥananel).
13a.17
引密释纳
按理诵《听》不可打断,但坦拿们于宽严有异,且分「段与段之间」与「一段之中」。拉比梅伊尔 说:段间可因敬意问安、因敬意回安;段中可因惧怕问安(梅伊里注)、因惧怕回安。
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按理,人诵 《听》 不可打断。
Ab initio, one may not interrupt the recitation of Shema.
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只是众 坦拿 于这上头该严到什么地步,意见不一。
The tanna’im, however, disagree over how strict one must be in this regard.
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他们把「段与段之间」的打断与「一段之中」的打断分开来说。
They distinguish between interruptions between paragraphs and interruptions within each paragraph.
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在段与段之间的停歇处,人可以因着当尽的敬意向人问安,也可以因着敬意回答别人的问安。
At the breaks between paragraphs, one may greet an individual due to the respect that he is obligated to show him, and one may respond to another’s greeting due to respect.
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在每一段之中,人可以因着惧怕向人问安——恐怕那人见他不问便加害于他(梅伊里注)——也可以因着惧怕回答别人的问安。
And in the middle of each paragraph one may greet an individual due to the fear that the individual may harm him if he fails do so (Me’iri) and one may respond to another’s greeting due to fear.
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这是 拉比梅伊尔 之说。
This is the statement of Rabbi Meir.
13a.18
引密释纳
拉比犹大 说:问安与回安当分别看。段中可因惧怕问安、因敬意回安;段间可因敬意问安,且凡向他问安的,无论当敬与否,都可回安。
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拉比犹大 说:向人问安与回答别人的问安,当分别看。
Rabbi Yehuda says: There is a distinction between greeting someone and responding to his greeting.
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在每一段之中,人可以因着惧怕向人问安,因着敬意回答别人的问安。
In the middle of each paragraph, one may greet another due to fear and respond due to respect.
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在段与段之间的停歇处,人可以因着敬意向人问安;凡向他问安的,无论他是否当敬那人,都可以回答。
In the breaks between paragraphs, one may greet another due to respect and respond with a greeting to any person who greets him, whether or not he is obligated to show him respect.
13a.19
引密释纳
何处算段间:头一祝与第二祝之间、第二祝与《听》之间、《听》与《你们若留意听》之间、《你们若留意听》与《耶和华晓谕》之间、《耶和华晓谕》与《真实而坚定》之间。
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至于何处算得一段,这几处便是段与段之间:头一段祝祷与第二段之间,第二段与 《听》 之间,《听》 与第二段经文 《你们若留意听》 之间,《你们若留意听》 与第三段经文 《耶和华晓谕》 之间,并 《耶和华晓谕》 与 《听》 之后那段祝祷 《真实而坚定》 之间。
As for what constitutes a paragraph, these are the breaks between the paragraphs: Between the first blessing and the second, between the second and Shema, between Shema and the second paragraph: If you indeed heed My commandments [VeHaya im Shamoa], between VeHaya im Shamoa and the third paragraph: And the Lord spoke [VaYomer] and between VaYomer and True and Firm [emet veyatziv], the blessing that follows Shema.
13a.20
引密释纳
众拉比以为每一祝、每一段各自成篇,其间打断皆按段间论。拉比犹大 却说:《耶和华晓谕》与《真实而坚定》之间断不可打断,二者须连诵。
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众拉比以为每一段祝祷、《听》 的每一段经文都各自成篇,其间的打断都按「段与段之间」论。
The Rabbis held that each blessing and each paragraph of Shema constitutes its own entity, and treat interruptions between them as between the paragraphs.
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拉比犹大 却说:《耶和华晓谕》 与 《真实而坚定》——就是 《听》 之后那段祝祷的起头——这两处之间断不可打断。
Rabbi Yehuda, however, says: Between VaYomer and emet veyatziv, which begins the blessing that follows Shema, one may not interrupt at all.
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依 拉比犹大,这两处须一气连诵。
According to Rabbi Yehuda, these must be recited consecutively.
13a.21
引密释纳
《听》三段在妥拉里本不相连、诵时次序也非原序,故密释纳说其所以然:拉比约书亚·本·库尔哈 说,先《听》后《你们若留意听》,是要先领受天国之轭,然后领受诸诫之轭;《你们若留意听》先于《耶和华晓谕》,因前者昼夜皆行,后者论繸子,只在白日。
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《听》 那几段经文在 妥拉 里本不相连,诵的时候次序也不照它们在经上出现的先后,所以密释纳说明何以这样排。
Since the paragraphs of Shema are not adjacent to one another in the Torah, and they are not recited in the order in which they appear, the mishna explains their placement.
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拉比约书亚·本·库尔哈 说:在诵 《听》 这条诫命里,何以 《听》 那一段在 《你们若留意听》 之先呢?
Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa said: Why, in the mitzva of the recitation of Shema, did the portion of Shema precede that of VeHaya im Shamoa?
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这是要人先把天国之轭领受在身上——就是认定神、认定神的独一——然后才领受诸诫之轭,那是 《你们若留意听》 一段所说的。
This is so that one will first accept upon himself the yoke of the kingdom of Heaven, the awareness of God and God’s unity, and only then accept upon himself the yoke of the mitzvot, which appears in the paragraph of VeHaya im Shamoa.
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何以 《你们若留意听》 又在 《耶和华晓谕》 之先呢?
Why did VeHaya im Shamoa precede VaYomer?
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因为 《你们若留意听》 一段所说的昼夜都当行,而 《耶和华晓谕》 所说的是繸子这条诫命,只在白日行。
Because the paragraph of VeHaya im Shamoa is practiced both by day and by night, while VaYomer, which discusses the mitzva of ritual fringes, is only practiced during the day.
13a.22
推论
密释纳说人读妥拉里《听》那几段须存心才算尽本分。革玛拉 由此想推:可见行诫命须存心——人行一诫,必存意要尽本分,无此意便不算。
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密释纳里我们学过:人读 妥拉 里 《听》 那一段时须存心,才算尽了本分。
We learned in the mishna that one must focus his heart while reading the portion of Shema in the Torah in order to fulfill his obligation.
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革玛拉 便想由此断定:可见行诸诫命须存心——人行一件诫命时,必存意要尽这本分。
From here, the Gemara seeks to conclude: Learn from this that mitzvot require intent, when one performs a mitzva, he must intend to fulfill his obligation.
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他若没有那个意思,就不算尽了本分。
If he lacks that intention, he does not fulfill his obligation.
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革玛拉 想用这一句,来了断塔木德里屡次提起的一桩疑难。
With that statement, this Gemara hopes to resolve an issue that is raised several times throughout the Talmud.
13a.23
反驳
此断被驳:「存了心」是什么意思?是说他存意要读。可这样讲不通——他岂不本来就在读?密释纳说的正是一个正读妥拉的人;所以「存心」必是指存意行诫命。
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革玛拉 驳这一断:「他若存了心」是什么意思?
The Gemara rejects this conclusion: What is the meaning of: If one focused his heart?
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意思是他存意要读。
It means that one had the intention to read.
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革玛拉 又攻这一解:你怎能说是「须存意要读」呢?
The Gemara attacks this explanation: How can you say that it means that one must have intention to read?
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他岂不本来就在读么?
Isn’t he already reading?
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密释纳所说的,正是一个正读 妥拉 的人。
The case in the mishna refers to a person who is reading from the Torah.
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既然如此,「存了心」必是指存意要行这条诫命。
Therefore, focused his heart must refer to intention to perform a mitzva.
13a.24
解答
驳回:密释纳所说的,或是一个读妥拉不为诵念、只为校正文字的人。他若存了心、存意要读那些话而不只是校字,便算尽了本分,未必要存意尽本分。
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革玛拉 驳回这一说:密释纳所说的,或许是一个读 妥拉 的人,他读并不为诵念那些话,乃是为校正经文上的错处。
The Gemara rejects this: Perhaps the mishna speaks of one who is reading the Torah not for the purpose of reciting the words, but in order to emend mistakes in the text.
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所以他若存了心、存意要读那些话,而不只是校字,便算尽了本分。
Therefore, if he focused his heart and intended to read the words and not merely emend the text, he fulfills his obligation.
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他未必非存意要尽这本分不可。
He need not have the intention to fulfill his obligation.
13a.25
引证
巴拉伊塔载 拉比犹大·哈纳西 与众拉比争诵《听》当用何语:前者说须照经上所写、用希伯来语;众拉比说随何种语言都可以。
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贤哲们在一段 《巴拉伊塔》 里教说,拉比犹大·哈纳西 与众拉比争诵 《听》 当用哪一种语言。
The Sages taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi and the Rabbis disagreed with regard to the language in which Shema must be recited.
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这一争,正是下文细究「存心」一事的引子:诵 《听》 须照经上所写的、用希伯来语——这是 拉比犹大·哈纳西 之说。
This dispute serves as an introduction to a broader analysis of the question of intent: Shema must be recited as it is written, in Hebrew, this is the statement of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi.
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众拉比却说:诵 《听》 用哪一种语言都可以。
And the Rabbis say: Shema may be recited in any language.
13a.26
提问
拉比犹大·哈纳西 何所据?据申命记 6:6「我今日所吩咐你的话都要记在心上」——那句「要」字,意思是「本是怎样,就仍要怎样」,即不改其原文之语。
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革玛拉 要理清:拉比犹大·哈纳西 何所据而云然?
The Gemara seeks to clarify: What is the reason for Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi’s opinion?
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革玛拉 答:他这条 哈拉哈 的出处,在那一节所着重的一个字上——「我今日所吩咐你的这些话,都要记在你心上」(申命记 6:6)。
The Gemara answers: The source for his halakha lies in the emphasis on the word: “And these words, which I command you this day, will be upon your heart” (Deuteronomy 6:6).
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「都要」的意思是:本是怎样,就仍要怎样;那几句话须原样不动,仍用它本来的语言。
“Will be” means as they are, so shall they be; they should remain unchanged, in their original language.
朱英译在此点出原文着重的是 וְהָיוּ 一字(「就要是」)。中文的「都要」是照文意补的,那个「本是怎样就仍是怎样」的语气,全靠此注说明。
13a.27
提问
众拉比又何所据?据申命记 6:4「以色列啊,你要听」——「听」就是要听得懂;所以凡你听得懂的语言,都可以诵。
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革玛拉 再要理清:众拉比又何所据而云然?
The Gemara seeks to clarify further: And what is the reason for the Rabbis’ opinion?
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革玛拉 答:众拉比所据的是这一句:「以色列 啊,你要听」(申命记 6:4)——他们解「听」为「须听得明白」。
The Gemara answers: The source upon which the Rabbis base their opinion is, as it is stated: “Hear, Israel” (Deuteronomy 6:4), which they understand to mean that Shema must be understood.
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所以凡你听得见、听得懂的语言,都可以用来诵 《听》。
Therefore, one may recite Shema in any language that you can hear and understand.
13a.28
解答
两下各如何对付对方所据?拉比犹大·哈纳西 也有「你要听」一句,他拿它推出另一条 哈拉哈:要叫你的耳听见你口里所出的——就是诵《听》须出声,自己听得见。
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革玛拉 说明 拉比犹大·哈纳西 与众拉比各自如何对付对方所引的凭据。
The Gemara explains how Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi and the Rabbis each contend with the source cited by the other.
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依 拉比犹大·哈纳西,经上岂不也说了「以色列 啊,你要听」么?
And according to Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, isn’t it also stated: “Hear, Israel”?
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他怎样解这一节呢?
How does he explain this verse?
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革玛拉 答:他要这一节来推出另一条 哈拉哈——要叫你的耳听见你口里所出的,就是说人诵 《听》 须出声,诵时自己听得见。
The Gemara responds: He requires this verse in order to derive a different halakha: Make your ears hear what your mouth utters, i.e., one must recite Shema audibly so he hears it while reciting it.
13a.29
提问
那么众拉比从哪里推出诵《听》须出声?他们不取「听」字的字面,乃从那一说:人诵《听》而自己耳中听不见的,也算尽了本分。
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那么众拉比又从哪里推出诵 《听》 须出声呢?
And from where do the Rabbis derive that one must recite Shema audibly?
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众拉比不取「听」字的字面,乃从那一位所说的:人诵 《听》 而自己耳中听不见的,也算尽了本分。
The Rabbis do not accept the literal interpretation of the word Shema; rather, they hold in accordance with the one who said: One who recited Shema in a manner inaudible to his own ears, fulfilled his obligation.
13a.30
提问
依众拉比,经上岂不也写着「都要」么?他们如何解那一处着重?答:他们也要这一语,用以推出诵《听》不可倒着诵——须照经上所写的次序。
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革玛拉 问:依众拉比,经上岂不也写着「都要」么?
The Gemara asks: And according to the Rabbis, isn’t it also written: “And they will be”?
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贤哲们怎样解那一节所着重的这一处呢?
How do the Sages explain that emphasis in the verse?
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革玛拉 答:他们也要这一语,用以推出人诵 《听》 不可倒着诵。
The Gemara answers: They, too, require this expression to derive that one may not recite Shema out of order.
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人不可从末了起头诵 《听》,只可照经上所写的次序诵。
One may not begin reciting Shema from the end, but only in the order in which it is written.
13a.31
解答
拉比犹大·哈纳西 又从哪里推出不可倒诵?从那一节另一处着重:经上不写「话」而写「这些话」,加了定冠,正见得须照所写的次序诵。众拉比则不从这一处推出什么。
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那么 拉比犹大·哈纳西 又从哪里推出「不可倒着诵 《听》」这条 哈拉哈 呢?
And from where does Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi derive the halakha that one may not recite Shema out of order?
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革玛拉 答:拉比犹大·哈纳西 是从那一节另一处着重推出来的——「我今日所吩咐你的**这些**话,都要记在你心上」。经上本可只写「话」,意思一样。
The Gemara answers: Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi derives it from an additional emphasis in the verse: “And the words [hadevarim], which I command you this day, will be upon your heart.” The verse could have conveyed the same idea had it written: Words [devarim], without the definite article.
朱英译在此点出原文的分别:הַדְּבָרִים 带定冠词「这些话」,与不带定冠的 דְּבָרִים「话」相对。中文的「这些话」与「话」虽也分得出来,却不是靠一个冠词,那一层语法上的着重看不出来。
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可它偏写作「这些话」,用了定冠,正是要着重:须照它所写的那个次序诵。
However, it says the words [hadevarim], employing the definite article, emphasizing that it must be recited in the specific order in which it is written.
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众拉比却不从「写作『这些话』而不写『话』」这一点上推出什么来。
The Rabbis, however, do not derive anything from the fact that the words, with the definite article, was written in place of words, without the definite article.
13a.32
提问
革玛拉 想把这一争接到另一争上:这岂不是说,拉比犹大·哈纳西 以为整部妥拉——凡当众诵读的(托萨福),或凡研习诵读妥拉(梅伊里注)——都可用任何语言?不然「都要」一语岂不多余?
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革玛拉 想把这一争接到另一争上:这岂不是说,拉比犹大·哈纳西 以为整部 妥拉——就是凡当众诵读的那些段落(托萨福),或凡研习诵读 妥拉(梅伊里注)——都可以用任何语言诵?
The Gemara seeks to link this debate to another: Is that to say that Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi holds that the entire Torah, i.e., any portion of the Torah which must be read publicly (Tosafot), or if one studies or reads the Torah in general (Me’iri), may be recited in any language?
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因为你若心里以为整部 妥拉 只可用圣语诵、不可用别的语言,那么 妥拉 何必再写「都要」这一语呢?
As if it should enter your mind to say that the entire Torah may only be recited in the holy tongue and not in any other, then why do I need that which the Torah wrote: “And they will be”?
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既然凡 妥拉 的段落都不许用希伯来以外的语言诵,单单禁人用别的语言诵 《听》,岂不多余?
Prohibiting recitation of Shema in a language other than Hebrew is superfluous, if indeed one is prohibited from reciting any portion of the Torah in a language other than Hebrew.
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妥拉 既特特要 《听》 用希伯来语诵,可见其余的 妥拉 是可以用任何语言诵的。
Since the Torah saw the need to specifically require Shema to be recited in Hebrew, it must be because the rest of the Torah may be recited in any language.
13a.33
解答
驳回:未必如此。「都要」一语在此处仍是必要的,因为经上另写着「你要听」;若无「都要」,我便要照众拉比之说,把「听」解作可用任何语言。
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革玛拉 驳回这一说:未必如此。「都要」一语在这里仍是必要的,因为经上另写着「你要听」。
The Gemara rejects this: This is not necessarily so, as the phrase: And they will be is necessary in this case because Shema, hear, is also written.
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若没有「都要」这一语,我就要把「你要听」解作「诵 《听》 可用任何语言」,与众拉比之说一样。
Had it not been for the phrase: And they will be, I would have understood hear, to allow Shema to be recited in any language, in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis.
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所以「都要」这一语是必要的。
Therefore, and they will be, was necessary.
13a.34
提问
反过来问:这岂不是说,众拉比以为整部妥拉只可用圣语诵?因你若以为可用任何语言,那么「你要听」一语又何必写?
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革玛拉 又想理清:这岂不是说,众拉比以为整部 妥拉 只可用圣语诵、不可用别的语言么?
The Gemara attempts to clarify: Is that to say that the Rabbis hold that the entire Torah may only be recited in the holy tongue and not in any other?
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因为你若心里以为 妥拉 可以用任何语言诵,那么 妥拉 何必再写「你要听」这一语呢?
As if it should enter your mind to say that the Torah may be recited in any language, then why do I require that which the Torah wrote: Shema, hear?
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人既可以用任何语言诵整部 妥拉,单单为 《听》 立这一条,岂不多余?
One is permitted to recite the entire Torah in any language, rendering a specific requirement regarding Shema superfluous.
13a.35
解答
驳回:「你要听」在此仍是必要的,因为经上另写着「都要」;若无「你要听」,我便要照 拉比犹大·哈纳西 之说,以为诵《听》不许用别的语言。
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革玛拉 驳回这一说:「你要听」这一语无论如何都是必要的,因为经上另写着「都要」。
The Gemara rejects this: Shema is necessary in any case, because and they will be, is also written.
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若没有「你要听」,我就要照 拉比犹大·哈纳西 之说,以为人诵 《听》 不许用别的语言。
Had it not been for Shema, I would have understood this in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, that one is prohibited from reciting Shema in any other language.
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所以「你要听」这一语是必要的。
Therefore, Shema, is necessary.
13a.36
引证
这两处经文的解法,正是诵《听》之责与诵时须存心那一大争的根。众拉比教说:从「都要」推出不可倒诵;从「这些话……记在心上」推出须存心。拉比以利以谢 说:「这些」一词划出界限——到此为止须存心,此后便不必。
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这两处经文怎样解,正是诵 《听》 之责与诵时须存何心那一场根本之争的源头。
The interpretation of these verses is the source of a fundamental dispute concerning the obligation to recite Shema and the required intent during its recitation.
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众拉比教说:从「都要」一语推出人不可倒着诵 《听》。
The Rabbis taught: From: And they will be, it is derived that one may not recite Shema out of order.
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从「这些话……都要记在你心上」推出诵时须存心。
From: These words…upon your heart, it is derived that they must be recited with intent.
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我本要以为整段都须存心。
I might have thought that the entire paragraph requires intent?
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所以经上教说「这些」,是要指明:到此为止须存心,此后便不必存心;他纵使诵 《听》 其余各句时未曾存心,也算尽了本分。
Therefore the verse teaches: These, to indicate that to this point, one must have intent, but from here on one need not have intent, and even if he recites the rest of Shema without intent he fulfills his obligation.
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这是 拉比以利以谢 之说。
This is the statement of Rabbi Eliezer.
13a.37
反驳
拉比阿奇瓦 起而驳之:可是经上明说——(下文接叶十三背)。
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拉比阿奇瓦 对他说:可是经上明说:
Rabbi Akiva said to him: But the verse states: