32a.1
推论
(承叶三十一背末)因将来的预言里写着:「耶和华说:到那日,我必聚集瘸腿的,招聚被赶出的和我所惩治的」(弥迦书 4:6)。神在此自言:是他使以色列行了恶。
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因为将来的预言里写着:「耶和华说:到那日,我必聚集瘸腿的,招聚被赶出的和我所惩治的」(弥迦书 4:6)。
As it is written in a future prophecy: “In that day, says the Lord, I will assemble the lame, and I will gather those who are abandoned and those with whom I have dealt in wickedness” (Micah 4:6).
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神在此自言:是他使以色列行了恶。
God states that He caused Israel to act wickedly.
32a.2
推论
照样,拉比哈尼纳 之子 拉比哈马 说:若不是这三节经文,以色列的仇敌——那是讳指以色列自己——的腿早已站立不住了,因以色列担不起神的审判。
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照样,拉比哈尼纳 之子 拉比哈马 说:若不是有这三节经文,以色列的仇敌——那是讳指以色列自己——的腿早已站立不住了;因为以色列担不起神的审判。
Similarly, Rabbi Ḥama, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, said: Had it not been for these three verses, the legs of the enemies of Israel, a euphemism for Israel itself, would have collapsed, as Israel would have been unable to withstand God’s judgment.
32a.3
引证
一节就是方才所引、写着「我所惩治的」那一句;一节是写着「以色列家啊,泥在窑匠的手中怎样,你们在我的手中也怎样」(耶利米书 18:6);一节是写着「我也要赐给你们一个新心,将新灵放在你们里面,又从你们的肉体中除掉石心,赐给你们肉心」(以西结书 36:26)。这三节都表明:神于人的抉择有所作为,人所行的便不全在自己身上。
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一节就是方才所提、写着「我所惩治的」那一句;一节是写着「以色列家啊,泥在窑匠的手中怎样,你们在我的手中也怎样」(耶利米书 18:6)。
One is the verse just mentioned in which it is written: “Those whom I have dealt in wickedness.” And one is the verse in which it is written: “Behold, like clay in the potter’s hand, so are you in My hand, house of Israel” (Jeremiah 18:6).
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又一节是写着「我也要赐给你们一个新心,将新灵放在你们里面,又从你们的肉体中除掉石心,赐给你们肉心」(以西结书 36:26)。
And one is the verse in which it is written: “And I will give you a new heart and a new spirit I will place within you, and I will remove the heart of stone from your flesh and I will give you a heart of flesh” (Ezekiel 36:26).
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这三节都表明:神于人的抉择有所作为,所以人所行的,便不全在他自己身上。
These three verses indicate that God influences a person’s decisions, and therefore one does not have sole responsibility for his actions.
32a.4
推论
拉夫帕帕 说:还有一节说得更明:「我必将我的灵放在你们里面,使你们顺从我的律例,谨守遵行我的典章」(以西结书 36:27)。
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拉夫帕帕 说:还有一节说得更明:「我必将我的灵放在你们里面,使你们顺从我的律例,谨守遵行我的典章」(以西结书 36:27)。
Rav Pappa said there is a clearer proof from here: “And I will place My spirit within you and I will cause you to walk in My statutes, and you will observe My decrees and do them” (Ezekiel 36:27).
32a.5
推论
拉比以利亚撒 又说:摩西也向天上说了放肆的话,正如众人在旷野向神发怨言之后那一节所说:「摩西祷告耶和华,火便熄了」(民数记 11:2)。这一节可这样解:不要读作「向〔el〕耶和华」,当读作「向着〔al〕耶和华」——那便见得他说了放肆的话。
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拉比以利亚撒 又说:摩西 也向天上说了放肆的话,正如众人在旷野向神发怨言之后那一节所说:「摩西祷告耶和华,火便熄了」(民数记 11:2);这一节可以这样解:不要读作「向〔אֶל〕耶和华」,当读作「向着〔עַל〕耶和华」——那便见得他是说了放肆的话。
And Rabbi Elazar said: Moses also spoke impertinently toward God on High, as it is stated in the verse following the sin of those who murmured against God in the desert: “And Moses prayed to the Lord and the fire subsided” (Numbers 11:2), and this verse is interpreted homiletically: Do not read to [el] the Lord, but rather onto [al] the Lord, which indicates that he spoke impertinently.
朱此处解经在于换读一个字母:אֶל(el,向)读作 עַל(al,向着、压在其上)。中文的「向」与「向着」勉强分得开,希伯来那两个字却是形近而义大异——一是趋就,一是逼临。这一层锋刃,中文接不住。
32a.6
解答
革玛拉 说明这样解的根据:拉比以利以谢·本·雅各 学派的人,向来把 阿莱夫 读作 阿因、把 阿因 读作 阿莱夫,不加分别;此处便是把 el 变作了 al。
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革玛拉 说明这样解的根据:拉比以利以谢·本·雅各 学派的人,向来把 א 读作 ע、把 ע 读作 א,不加分别;此处便是把 אֶל 变作了 עַל。
The Gemara explains the basis for this interpretation: As the Sages of the school of Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov would indiscriminately read alef as ayin and ayin as alef and in this case transforming el into al.
32a.7
引证
拉比雅奈 学派的人却说:摩西向天上说了放肆的话,其凭据在这里——摩西在申命记开头责备以色列时所说的「与底撒哈」(申命记 1:1)。那是他向以色列说话之处的一串地名里的一个;既查不出有这么一处地方,便解作别有所指。
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拉比雅奈 学派的人却说:摩西 向天上说了放肆的话,其凭据在这里——摩西 在申命记开头责备以色列时所说的「与底撒哈〔דִּי זָהָב〕」(申命记 1:1)。
The Sages of the school of Rabbi Yannai, however, say proof that Moses spoke impertinently toward God on High is derived from here, Moses’ rebuke at the beginning of Deuteronomy: “And Di Zahav” (Deuteronomy 1:1).
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那是他向以色列说话之处的一串地名里的一个。
This is an entry in a list of places where Moses had spoken to Israel.
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既查不出有这么一处地方,便解作别有所指。
As there was no place encountered by that name, it is interpreted as an allusion to another matter.
32a.8
解答
当辨明:「与底撒哈」是什么意思?拉比雅奈 学派的人说:摩西在圣者面前为以色列赎金牛犊之罪,说了这话:宇宙的主啊,是因你在他们出埃及时厚厚赐下的金银,多到他们说「够了」——正是这财富叫以色列铸了金牛犊。
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当辨明:「与底撒哈〔דִּי זָהָב〕」是什么意思呢?
We must clarify: What is the meaning of and Di Zahav?
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拉比雅奈 学派的人说:摩西 在圣者面前为以色列赎 金牛犊 之罪,说了这话:宇宙的主啊,是因着你在他们出 埃及 之时厚厚赐下的金银,多到他们说「够了〔דַּי〕」——正是这财富,叫以色列铸了 金牛犊。
The Sages of the school of Rabbi Yannai said that Moses said the following before the Holy One, Blessed be He, to atone for Israel after the sin of the Golden Calf: Master of the Universe, because of the gold and silver that you lavished upon Israel during the exodus from Egypt until they said enough [dai]; it was this wealth that caused Israel to make the Golden Calf.
朱דִּי זָהָב(Di Zahav)本是地名,和合本作「底撒哈」。此处读作 דַּי זָהָב(dai zahav,「金子够了」「金子太多」)——同一组辅音,改个元音便由地名变作断语。中文的「底撒哈」音译不带义,这一层双读落不下来。
32a.9
推论
拉比雅奈 学派的人由此立一通则说:狮子不为一筐干草而吼——那于它无可享用;它是站在一筐肉上才吼的,因它惟饱足时才吼。
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拉比雅奈 学派的人由此立一通则说:狮子不站在一筐干草上吼,因为那于它无可享用;它是站在一筐肉上才吼的,因为它惟在饱足的时候才吼。
Establishing a general moral principle, the Sages the school of Rabbi Yannai said: A lion does not roar standing over a basket of straw from which he derives no pleasure, but he roars standing over a basket of meat, as he only roars when satiated.
32a.10
推论
照样,拉比奥沙亚 说:这好比一个人有一头瘦而骨架大的母牛。有一次他拿羽扇豆——上好的料——喂它,不多时那牛就踢起他来。他对那牛说:你踢我,若不是因我喂你的羽扇豆,还能因着什么呢?此处也是一样:那罪正是好处过多所致。
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照样,拉比奥沙亚 说:这好比一个人有一头瘦、而骨架大的母牛。
Similarly, Rabbi Oshaya said: This is comparable to a person who had a lean, but large-limbed cow.
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有一次他拿羽扇豆——那是上好的料——喂它,不多时那牛就踢起他来。
At one point, he fed it lupines, a choice food, and soon thereafter the cow was kicking him.
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他对那牛说:你起头踢我,若不是因着我喂你的羽扇豆,还能因着什么呢?
He said to the cow: Who caused you to begin kicking me if not the lupines I fed you?
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此处也是一样:那罪正是好处过多所致。
Here, too, the sin was caused by an abundance of good.
32a.11
推论
革玛拉 再设一比:拉比希亚·巴尔·阿巴 引 拉比约哈难 说:这好比一个人有个儿子;他给他洗澡抹油,给他吃喝,又把一袋钱挂在他颈上,随后领他到妓院门口。那儿子还能怎样才不犯罪呢?
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革玛拉 再设一比:拉比希亚·巴尔·阿巴 引 拉比约哈难 说:这好比一个人有个儿子;他给他洗澡、抹油,给他吃、给他喝,又把一袋钱挂在他的颈上。
The Gemara offers another analogy: Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: This is comparable to a person who had a son; he bathed him and anointed him with oil, fed him and gave him drink, and hung a purse of money around his neck.
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随后他领这儿子到妓院门口。
Then, he brought his son to the entrance of a brothel.
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那儿子还能怎样行,才不至于犯罪呢?
What could the son do to avoid sinning?
32a.12
推论
同一路上,拉夫阿哈·巴尔·拉夫胡纳引 拉夫舍舍特 说:这正是人所常说的一句俗谚——填饱了肚子便是一样罪,正如经上所说:「这些民照我所赐的食物得了饱足;既得饱足,心就高傲,忘记了我」(何西阿书 13:6)。拉夫纳赫曼 说:这道理不是从何西阿那一节推的,乃是从这里——「你就心高气傲,忘记耶和华你的神」(申命记 8:14)。众拉比说:是从这里推的——「他们吃得饱足,身体肥胖,就必偏向别神」(申命记 31:20)。
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同一路上,拉夫阿哈·巴尔·拉夫胡纳 引 拉夫舍舍特 说:这正是人所常说的一句俗谚——填饱了肚子便是一样罪,正如经上所说:「这些民照我所赐的食物得了饱足;既得饱足,心就高傲,忘记了我」(何西阿书 13:6)。
On a similar note, Rav Aḥa, son of Rav Huna, said that Rav Sheshet said: That is what people say in a popular maxim: Filling his stomach is a type of sin, as it is stated: “When they were fed and became full they were sated, and their hearts were lifted and they have forgotten Me” (Hosea 13:6).
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拉夫纳赫曼 说:这道理不是从何西阿那一节推的,乃是从这里推的:「你就心高气傲,忘记耶和华你的神」(申命记 8:14)。
Rav Naḥman said: This principle is derived not from the verse in Hosea, but from here: “And your heart is lifted and you forget the Lord” (Deuteronomy 8:14).
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众拉比说:这道理是从这里推的——「他们吃得饱足,身体肥胖,就必偏向别神」(申命记 31:20)。
And the Rabbis say that this principle is derived from here: “And they will have eaten and been sated and fattened, and they will turn to other gods” (Deuteronomy 31:20).
32a.13
推论
你若愿意,也可以说是从这里推的:「但耶书仑渐渐肥胖,粗壮,光润,踢跳奔跑」(申命记 32:15)。拉比撒母耳·巴尔·纳赫马尼 引 拉比约拿单 说:我们从妥拉哪里知道,圣者末了向摩西认了「金牛犊之罪果然起于所赐以色列的财富」呢?正如经上所说:「我给她的银子、金子甚多,她却以此供奉巴力」(何西阿书 2:8)。
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你若愿意,也可以说是从这里推的:「但 耶书仑 渐渐肥胖,粗壮,光润,踢跳奔跑」(申命记 32:15)。
And if you wish, say instead that it is derived from here: “And Jeshurun grew fat and kicked” (Deuteronomy 32:15).
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拉比撒母耳·巴尔·纳赫马尼 引 拉比约拿单 说:我们从 妥拉 哪里知道,圣者末了向 摩西 认了 金牛犊 之罪果然起于所赐以色列的财富呢?
Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said that Rabbi Yonatan said: From where in the Torah is it derived that the Holy One, Blessed be He, ultimately conceded to Moses that the reason for the sin of the Golden Calf was indeed the riches lavished upon Israel?
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正如经上所说:「我给她的银子、金子甚多,她却以此供奉 巴力」(何西阿书 2:8)。
As it is stated: “And I gave them an abundance of silver and gold, which they used for the Ba’al” (Hosea 2:10).
32a.14
推论
革玛拉 再论金牛犊一事的别处。经上说:「耶和华吩咐摩西说:下去吧,因为你的百姓,就是你从埃及地领出来的,已经败坏了」(出埃及记 32:7)。「下去吧」是什么意思?拉比以利亚撒 说:圣者对摩西说:摩西,从你的高位上下来吧!我抬举你,岂不单为以色列、要你作使者么?如今以色列既犯了罪,我还要你作什么?既不必有使者了。摩西登时力衰,说不出话来为以色列分辩。及至神说「你且由着我,我要灭绝他们」(申命记 9:14),摩西心里说:神既叫我由着他,必是这事系于我身上。他登时站起来,在祷告上刚强起来,求神怜悯以色列,赦免他们的过犯。
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革玛拉 再论 金牛犊 一事的别处。
The Gemara elaborates upon additional aspects of the sin of the Golden Calf.
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经上说:「耶和华吩咐摩西说:下去吧,因为你的百姓,就是你从埃及地领出来的,已经败坏了」(出埃及记 32:7)。
It is stated: “And the Lord said to Moses: Go and descend, for your people whom you have lifted out of the land of Egypt have been corrupted” (Exodus 32:7).
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「下去吧」是什么意思呢?
What is the meaning of “go and descend”?
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拉比以利亚撒 说:圣者对 摩西 说:摩西,从你的高位上下来吧!
Rabbi Elazar said: The Holy One, Blessed be He, said to Moses: Moses, descend from your greatness.
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我抬举你,岂不单为着以色列、要你作使者么?如今以色列既犯了罪,我还要你作什么?
Isn’t it only for the sake of Israel, so that you may serve as an emissary, that I granted you prominence; and now that Israel has sinned, why do I need you?
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既不必有使者了。
There is no need for an emissary.
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摩西 登时力衰,说不出话来为以色列分辩。
Immediately, Moses’ strength waned and he was powerless to speak in defense of Israel.
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及至神对 摩西 说「你且由着我,我要灭绝他们」(申命记 9:14),摩西 心里说:神既叫我由着他,必是这事系在我身上。
And once God said to Moses: “Leave Me be, that I may destroy them” (Deuteronomy 9:14), Moses said to himself: If God is telling me to let Him be, it must be because this matter is dependent upon me.
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摩西 登时站起来,在祷告上刚强起来,求神怜悯以色列的民,赦免他们的过犯。
Immediately Moses stood and was strengthened in prayer, and asked that God have mercy on the nation of Israel and forgive them for their transgression.
32a.15
推论
革玛拉 说:这好比一个王向得罪自己的儿子发怒,重重地打他。那时有王的一位相好坐在王前,亲见了这一切,却不敢就那重打向王说什么。这中间王对儿子说:若不是我这位坐在我面前的相好,我早把你打死了。那朋友听见,心里说:这分明是个记号——把儿子从父亲手里救出来这件事,系在我身上。他登时站起来,把那孩子从王手里救了出来。
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革玛拉 说:这好比一个王向得罪自己的儿子发怒,重重地打他。
The Gemara says: This is comparable to a king who became angry at his son who had sinned against him, and beat him, administering a severe beating.
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那时有王的一位相好坐在王面前,亲眼见了这一切,却不敢就那重打向王说什么。
At that moment, a well-wisher of the king was sitting before him and witnessed the entire event, and was afraid to say anything to the king about the excessive beating.
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这中间,王对自己的儿子说:若不是我这位坐在我面前的相好,我早把你打死了。
Meanwhile, the king said to his son: Were it not for this well-wisher of mine who is sitting before me, I would have killed you.
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那朋友听见这话,心里说:这分明是个记号——把儿子从父亲手里救出来这一件事,正系在我身上。
Upon hearing this, the king’s friend said to himself: This is clearly a sign that this matter, rescuing the son from the hands of his father, is dependent upon me.
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他登时站起来,把那孩子从王手里救了出来。
Immediately he stood and rescued him from the king.
32a.16
推论
论金牛犊一事的另一处:神对摩西说:「你且由着我,我要向他们发烈怒,将他们灭绝,使你的后裔成为大国」(出埃及记 32:10)。解这一节,拉比阿巴胡 说:这一节若不是经上这样写着,人是断不敢说出口的——那有失敬神之礼。「你且由着我」一语,是教人知道摩西抓住了圣者,如同人抓住朋友的衣裳一般,在他面前说:宇宙的主啊,你不赦免他们,我就不由着你。
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论 金牛犊 一事的另一处:神对 摩西 说:「你且由着我,我要向他们发烈怒,将他们灭绝,使你的后裔成为大国」(出埃及记 32:10)。
In an additional aspect of the sin of the Golden Calf, God told Moses: “Now leave Me be, that My wrath will be enraged against them and I will consume them; and I will make of you a great nation” (Exodus 32:10).
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解这一节,拉比阿巴胡 说:这一节若不是经上这样写着,人是断不敢说出口的——那有失敬神之礼。
Explaining this verse, Rabbi Abbahu said: Were the verse not written in this manner, it would be impossible to utter it, in deference to God.
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「你且由着我」这一语,是教人知道:摩西 抓住了圣者,如同人抓住朋友的衣裳一般,在他面前说:宇宙的主啊,你不赦免、不宽宥他们,我就不由着你。
The phrase: Leave Me be, teaches that Moses grabbed the Holy One, Blessed be He, as a person who grabs his friend by his garment would, and he said before Him: Master of the Universe, I will not leave You be until You forgive and pardon them.
32a.17
推论
同一节里神应许摩西说:「使你的后裔成为大国」。摩西怎样回答呢?拉比以利亚撒 说:摩西在圣者面前说:宇宙的主啊,三条腿的椅子——就是三位先祖合起来的功德——尚且在你发怒之时站立不住,何况一条腿的椅子、单凭我一人的功德,岂能当得住你的烈怒呢?
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同一节里,神应许 摩西 说:「使你的后裔成为大国。」他怎样回答呢?
In the same verse, God promised Moses: “And I will make of you a great nation.” What was Moses’ response?
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拉比以利亚撒 说:摩西 在圣者面前说:宇宙的主啊,三条腿的椅子——就是三位先祖合起来的功德——尚且在你发怒的时候站立不住,何况一条腿的椅子、单凭我一人的功德,岂能当得住你的烈怒呢?
Rabbi Elazar said: Moses said before the Holy One, Blessed be He: Master of the Universe, if a chair with three legs, the collective merit of the three forefathers, is unable to stand before You in Your moment of wrath, all the more so that a chair with one leg, my merit alone, will be unable to withstand your wrath.
32a.18
推论
不但如此,我在列祖面前也觉羞愧。如今他们要说:看神所立在以色列之上的这位首领罢——他为自己求大,却不在百姓遭难之时求神怜悯他们。
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不但如此,我在列祖面前也觉羞愧。
Moreover, but I have a sense of shame before my forefathers.
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如今他们要说:看神所立在以色列之上的这位首领罢。
Now they will say: See this leader that God placed over Israel.
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他为自己求大,却不在百姓遭难的时候,求神怜悯他们。
He requested greatness for himself but did not pray for God to have mercy upon them in their troubled time.
32a.19
推论
妥拉接着说:「摩西便恳求耶和华他的神」(出埃及记 32:11)。「恳求」一词不寻常,诸家所解甚多:拉比以利亚撒 说,这是教人知道摩西在圣者面前站着祷告,直祷到自己因过劳而病了。拉瓦 说:摩西站着祷告,直到解了神的愿——「恳求」一词正暗指解愿。这里写着「恳求」,那里论许愿写着「他不可食言」(民数记 30:2);论许愿,夫子说过:许愿的人自己不能解自己的愿,别人——就是法庭——却能为他解。此处便如同摩西解了主的愿,不灭以色列。
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妥拉 接着说:「摩西便恳求〔וַיְחַל〕耶和华他的神」(出埃及记 32:11)。
The Torah continues: “And Moses beseeched [vayḥal] before the Lord” (Exodus 32:11).
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וַיְחַל 一词不寻常,诸家所解甚多:拉比以利亚撒 说,这是教人知道 摩西 在圣者面前站着祷告,直祷到自己因过劳而病了〔הֶחֱלָהוּ〕。
Many interpretations were given for this uncommon term, vayḥal: Rabbi Elazar said: It teaches that Moses stood in prayer before the Holy One, Blessed be He, until it made him ill [heḥelahu] from overexertion.
朱וַיְחַל 一词,本叶连出五解,各系于一个同形或同根的词:הֶחֱלָהוּ(使他病)、לֹא יַחֵל(不可食言,即解愿)、חָלָל(被杀的,即舍命)、הֶחֱלָה(使生效,动了怜悯)、חֻלִּין(俗、亵渎)。和合本作「恳求」,一词而已,这五重读法全落不下来。
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拉瓦 说:摩西 站着祷告,直到解了神的愿;因为 וַיְחַל 一词正暗指解愿。
And Rava said: Moses stood in prayer until he nullified His vow, as the term vayḥal alludes to nullification of an oath.
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这里写着 וַיְחַל,那里论许愿写着「他不可食言〔לֹא יַחֵל〕」(民数记 30:2)。
Here it is written vayḥal, and there referring to vows, it is written: “He shall not nullify [lo yaḥel] his word” (Numbers 30:3).
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论到许愿,夫子说过:许愿的人自己不能解自己的愿,别人——就是法庭——却能为他解。
And with regard to vows, the Master said: He who vowed cannot nullify his vow, but others, the court, can nullify his vow for him.
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此处便如同 摩西 解了主要灭以色列的那个愿。
Here, it is as if Moses nullified the Lord’s vow to destroy Israel.
32a.20
推论
撒母耳 说:「恳求」一词是教人知道摩西为以色列舍了命——那词与「被杀的」同根;正如经上所说:「不然,求你从你所写的册上涂抹我的名」(出埃及记 32:32)。
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撒母耳 说:וַיְחַל 一词是教人知道 摩西 为以色列舍了命——那词与 חָלָל(被杀的人)同根;正如经上所说:「不然,求你从你所写的册上涂抹我的名」(出埃及记 32:32)。
And Shmuel said: The term vayḥal teaches that Moses gave his life, from the term ḥalal, a dead person, for Israel, as it is stated: “And if not, erase me, please, from Your book” (Exodus 32:32).
32a.21
推论
拉瓦 解这一节,引 拉夫以撒 说:「恳求」一词是教人知道他使那怜悯之量向他们生效。
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拉瓦 解这一节,引 拉夫以撒 说:וַיְחַל 一词是教人知道:他使那怜悯之量向他们生效〔הֶחֱלָה〕。
Rava, also interpreting this verse, said that Rav Yitzḥak said: The term vayḥal teaches that he caused the Divine Attribute of Mercy to take effect [heḥela] upon them.
32a.22
推论
众拉比说,这一词正是摩西所诉之要:它教人知道摩西在圣者面前说:宇宙的主啊!你行这样的事,是亵渎。
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众拉比说:这一词正是 摩西 所诉之要。它教人知道 摩西 在圣者面前说:宇宙的主啊!
And the Rabbis say that this term constitutes the essence of Moses’ claim: It teaches that Moses said before the Holy One Blessed be He: Master of the Universe!
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你行这样的事,是亵渎〔חֻלִּין〕。
It is a sacrilege [ḥullin] for You to do something like this.
32a.23
引证
「摩西便恳求耶和华他的神」还另有一解。巴拉伊塔里大 拉比以利以谢 说:这一词是教人知道摩西在圣者面前站着祷告,直到害了「阿希卢」。这词连贤哲也不熟,所以 革玛拉 问:阿希卢是什么?以色列地的阿摩拉 拉比以利亚撒 说:阿希卢就是骨头里的火。只是这说法以色列地熟而巴比伦不熟。巴比伦的人问:他们所说「骨头里的火」是什么病?阿巴耶 说:那就是巴比伦所称的 骨热,亚兰话正是「骨头之火」的意思,也就是发热。
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「摩西便恳求〔וַיְחַל〕耶和华他的神」这一节,还另有一解。一段 《巴拉伊塔》 里,大 拉比以利以谢 说:这一词是教人知道 摩西 在圣者面前站着祷告,直到害了 骨中之火。
And another interpretation of the verse, “And Moses beseeched [vayḥal] before the Lord.” It was taught in a baraita: Rabbi Eliezer the Great says: This term teaches that Moses stood in prayer before the Holy One, Blessed be He, until he was overcome by aḥilu.
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这一词连贤哲也不熟。
Even the Sages were unfamiliar with this term.
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所以 革玛拉 问:骨中之火 是什么呢?
Therefore, the Gemara asks: What is the meaning of aḥilu?
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以色列地 的 阿摩拉 拉比以利亚撒 说:骨中之火 就是骨头里的火。
Rabbi Elazar, an amora of Eretz Yisrael, said that aḥilu is fire in the bones.
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只是这说法在 以色列地 是熟的,在巴比伦却不熟。
However, this expression was familiar in Eretz Yisrael but not in Babylonia.
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巴比伦的人问:他们所说「骨头之火」是什么病呢?
They asked in Babylonia: What is the disease that they called fire of the bones?
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阿巴耶 说:那就是巴比伦所称的 骨热;这话在亚兰文里正是「骨头之火」的意思,也就是发热。
Abaye said that is a disease known in Babylonia as eshta degarmei, which in Aramaic means fire of the bones; in other words, a fever.
32a.24
推论
摩西祷告下去说:「求你记念你的仆人亚伯拉罕、以撒、以色列。你曾指着自己起誓说……」(出埃及记 32:13)。「指着自己」是什么意思?拉比以利亚撒 说:摩西在圣者面前说:宇宙的主啊,你若指着天地向他们起誓,我便要说:天地既终必归于无有,你的誓也就归于虚空。如今你既指着你的大名向他们起誓,那么你的名怎样活着、存到永远,你的誓也就怎样活着、存到永远。
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摩西 祷告下去说:「求你记念你的仆人 亚伯拉罕、以撒、以色列。你曾指着自己起誓」(出埃及记 32:13)。
As Moses continues his prayer, he says: “Remember Abraham, Isaac and Israel Your servants, to whom You swore in Your name” (Exodus 32:13).
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「指着自己」是什么意思呢?
What is the meaning of in Your name?
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拉比以利亚撒 说:摩西 在圣者面前说:宇宙的主啊,你若指着天地向他们起誓,我便要说:天地既终必归于无有,你的誓也就归于虚空。
Rabbi Elazar said: Moses said before the Holy One, Blessed be He: Master of the Universe, had You sworn to them by the heavens and the earth, I would say: Just as the heavens and the earth will ultimately be no more, so too Your oath will be null and void.
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如今你既指着你的大名向他们起誓,那么你的名怎样活着、存到永永远远,你的誓也就怎样活着、存到永永远远。
Now that You swore to them by Your great name, just as Your name lives and stands for all eternity, so too does Your oath live and stand for all eternity.
32a.25
提问
这一节里摩西接着说:「我必使你们的后裔像天上的星那样多,并且我所应许的这全地,必给你们的后裔,他们要永远承受为业。」革玛拉 辨明这一节里一处费解的话:那句「我所应许的」,本该说「你所应许的」才是,因摩西说的是神向列祖的应许。
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这一节里 摩西 接着说:「我必使你们的后裔像天上的星那样多,并且我所应许的这全地,必给你们的后裔,他们要永远承受为业。」革玛拉 辨明这一节里一处费解的话。
In this verse, Moses continues: “And You said to them: I will make your offspring as numerous as the stars of heaven, and all this land of which I have spoken I will give to your offspring that they shall inherit it forever.” The Gemara clarifies a puzzling phrase in this verse.
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那句「我所应许的」,本该说「你所应许的」才是;因为 摩西 说的是神向列祖所许的话。
That phrase of which I have spoken, it should have said: Of which You have spoken, as Moses is referring to God’s promise to the forefathers.
32a.26
解答
拉比以利亚撒 说:到此为止是门生摩西的话;自此以下——「我所应许的这全地」——是夫子、就是神的话。拉比撒母耳·巴尔·纳赫马尼 说:这些那些都是门生的话,整节都是摩西说的;乃是摩西在圣者面前说:宇宙的主啊,你吩咐我去托你的名对以色列说的那些话,我已去托你的名对他们说了。我已把神向列祖的应许告诉了以色列。如今我还对他们说什么呢?
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拉比以利亚撒 说:到此为止,这一节是门生 摩西 的话;自此以下——「我所应许的这全地」——这一节是夫子、就是神的话。
Rabbi Elazar said: To this point, the verse cites the words of the student, Moses; from this point, and all this land of which I have spoken, the verse cites the words of the Master, God.
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拉比撒母耳·巴尔·纳赫马尼 说:这些那些都是门生的话,整节都是 摩西 说的。
And Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said: These and those are the words of the student; Moses spoke the entire verse.
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乃是 摩西 在圣者面前说:宇宙的主啊,你吩咐我去托你的名对以色列说的那些话,我已经去托你的名对他们说了。
Rather, Moses said before the Holy One, Blessed be He: Master of the Universe, those matters which You told me to go and say to Israel in My name, I went and told it to them in Your name.
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我已把神向列祖的应许告诉了以色列。
I have already told Israel of God’s promise to the forefathers.
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如今我还对他们说什么呢?
Now what do I say to them?
32a.27
提问
革玛拉 转论摩西别的几处祷告。摩西说:神若不领以色列人进以色列地,列邦必说:「耶和华因为不能把这百姓领进他向他们起誓应许之地,所以在旷野把他们杀了」(民数记 14:16)。革玛拉 细辨这一节:那里本不该用「不能」这一个阴性的抽象名词,该说「耶和华不能够」,用阳性的动词才是。
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革玛拉 转论 摩西 别的几处祷告。
The Gemara moves to a discussion of additional prayers offered by Moses.
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摩西 说:神若不领以色列人进 以色列地,列邦必说:「耶和华因为不能〔יְכֹלֶת〕把这百姓领进他向他们起誓应许之地,所以在旷野把他们杀了」(民数记 14:16)。
Moses said that if God fails to bring the Jewish people into Eretz Yisrael, the nations of the world will say: “The Lord did not have the ability [yekholet] to bring this people into the land which He swore to them, and He killed them in the desert” (Numbers 14:16).
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革玛拉 细辨这一节:那里本不该用 יְכֹלֶת 这一个阴性的抽象名词,该说「耶和华不能够〔יָכֹל〕」,用阳性的动词才是。
The Gemara examines this verse closely: The verse should not have utilized the term yekholet, an abstract feminine noun, but rather, it should have said: “The Lord was not able [yakhol],” a masculine verb.
朱希伯来此处用了阴性的抽象名词 יְכֹלֶת(能力)而非阳性动词 יָכֹל(能够),下一段的解法正落在这个阴性上——列邦要说神的力「弱如女子」。中文的「不能」不分阴阳,这一层落不下来。
32a.28
解答
拉比以利亚撒 说:摩西这样措辞,是因他在圣者面前说:宇宙的主啊,如今列邦要说他的力弱如女子,救不了以色列的民。圣者对摩西说:列邦岂不是早已看见我在红海为以色列所行的神迹与大能么?摩西在他面前说:宇宙的主啊,他们仍可以说:耶和华敌得住法老一个王、胜得过他;至于迦南地的三十一个王,他就敌不住了。
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拉比以利亚撒 说:摩西 所以这样措辞,是因他在圣者面前说:宇宙的主啊,如今列邦要说他的力弱如女子,救不了以色列的民。
Rabbi Elazar said: Moses phrased it that way because he said before the Holy One, Blessed be He: Master of the Universe, now the nations of the world will say that His strength weakened like a female and He is unable to rescue the nation of Israel.
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圣者对 摩西 说:列邦岂不是早已看见我在红海为以色列所行的神迹与大能么?
The Holy One, Blessed be He, said to Moses: And did the nations of the world not already see the miracles and the mighty acts that I performed on behalf of Israel at the Red Sea?
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摩西 在他面前说:宇宙的主啊,他们仍可以说:耶和华敌得住 法老 一个王、胜得过他;至于迦南地的三十一个王,他就敌不住了。
Moses said before Him: Master of the Universe, they can still say: The Lord can stand up to a single king like Pharaoh and defeat him, but He is unable to stand up to the thirty-one kings in the land of Canaan.
32a.29
推论
拉比约哈难 说:我们从哪里知道圣者末了向摩西认了他说得是呢?正如经上所说:「耶和华说:我照着你的话赦免了他们」(民数记 14:20)。拉比以实玛利 学派教说:「照着你的话」,就是必要照着你的话成就——将来列邦果然要这样说。
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拉比约哈难 说:我们从哪里知道圣者末了向 摩西 认了他说得是呢?
Rabbi Yoḥanan said: From where is it derived that the Holy One, Blessed be He, ultimately conceded to Moses?
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正如经上所说:「耶和华说:我照着你的话赦免了他们」(民数记 14:20)。
As it is said: “And the Lord said: I have forgiven according to your word” (Numbers 14:20).
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拉比以实玛利 学派教说:「照着你的话」,就是必要照着你的话成就——将来列邦果然要这样说。
The Sages of the school of Rabbi Yishmael taught: According to your word, it will be, as indeed in the future the nations of the world will say this.
32a.30
推论
革玛拉 收结说:门生的师父向他认了错,那门生是有福的——正如主向摩西所认的一样。
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革玛拉 收结说:门生的师父向他认了他说得是,那门生是有福的——正如主向 摩西 所认的一样。
The Gemara concludes: Happy is the student whose teacher concedes to him as the Lord conceded to Moses.
32a.31
推论
解下一节「然我指着我的永生起誓,遍地要被我的荣耀充满」(民数记 14:21),拉瓦 引 拉夫以撒 说:这是教人知道圣者对摩西说:摩西,你用你的话叫我活了。我因你所诉的缘故要赦免以色列,心里欢喜。
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解下一节「然我指着我的永生起誓,遍地要被我的荣耀充满」(民数记 14:21),拉瓦 引 拉夫以撒 说:这是教人知道圣者对 摩西 说:摩西,你用你的话叫我活了。
Explaining the next verse, “Nevertheless, as I live, and the glory of the Lord fills the entire world” (Numbers 14:21), Rava said that Rav Yitzḥak said: This teaches that the Holy One, Blessed be He, said to Moses: Moses, you have given Me life with your words.
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我因你所诉的缘故要赦免以色列,心里欢喜。
I am happy that on account of your arguments, I will forgive Israel.
32a.32
推论
本于摩西的祷告,拉比西姆莱 教说:人当常先陈明圣者的称颂,然后才求自己所需。这样行的凭据从哪里来呢?从摩西来,因他祷告里写着:「那时我恳求耶和华说」(申命记 3:23)。紧接着他祷告里写的是:「主耶和华啊,你已将你的大力大能显给仆人看。在天上,在地下,有什么神能像你行事、像你有大能的作为呢?」(申命记 3:24)此处摩西先以称颂神起头,然后才写着:「求你容我过去,看约旦河那边的美地,就是那佳美的山地和黎巴嫩」(申命记 3:25)。他是称颂之后,才提自己所求。
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本于 摩西 的祷告,拉比西姆莱 教说:人当常先陈明圣者的称颂,然后才求自己所需的。
Based on Moses’ prayers, Rabbi Simlai taught: One should always set forth praise of the Holy One, Blessed be He, and then pray for his own needs.
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我们从哪里知道人当这样行呢?
From where do we derive that one should conduct himself in this manner?
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从 摩西 来,因为他祷告里写着:「那时我恳求耶和华说」(申命记 3:23)。
From Moses, as it is written in his prayer: “And I beseeched the Lord at that time” (Deuteronomy 3:23).
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紧接着,他祷告里写的是:「主耶和华啊,你已将你的大力大能显给仆人看。在天上,在地下,有什么神能像你行事、像你有大能的作为呢?」(申命记 3:24)
And immediately afterward in his prayer, it is written: “Lord, God, You have begun to show Your servant Your greatness and Your strong hand, for what God is there in the heavens or on earth who can perform deeds such as Yours and Your might” (Deuteronomy 3:24)?
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此处 摩西 先以称颂神起头,然后才写着:「求你容我过去,看约旦河那边的美地,就是那佳美的山地和黎巴嫩」(申命记 3:25)。
Here, Moses began with praise of God, and it is only thereafter that it is written: “Please, let me pass over and see the good land that is beyond the Jordan, that good hill country and the Lebanon” (Deuteronomy 3:25).
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他是称颂之后,才提自己所求的。
Only after his praise did Moses make his personal request.
32a.33
引证
革玛拉 在下一段议论之先,先出一句记诵的口诀:善行、周济、献祭、祭司、禁食、鞋、铁。
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革玛拉 在下一段议论之先,先出一句便于记诵的口诀:善行、周济、献祭、祭司、禁食、鞋、铁。
The Gemara prefaces the next discourse with a mnemonic symbol: Deeds, charity, offering, priest, fast, shoe, iron.
朱塔木德常以数字或几个关键词串成口诀(סִימָן,siman),好让人记住底下要论的次序。这一句正是这样的记诵之串,本身不成文义;中文照字面译出,那一层「以词头记事」的用处,读来看不出来。