承上叶 拉比阿奇瓦 那一句:都是为好。
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都是为好。
He does for the best.
← 祝祷卷总目·第九章 见……者
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 4 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
承上叶 拉比阿奇瓦 那一句:都是为好。
都是为好。
He does for the best.
人在神面前,言语总当寡少(传道书 5:1)。
拉夫胡纳 又说 拉夫 说 拉比梅伊尔 说:人在至圣者——愿他受称颂——面前,言语总当寡少,正如经上说:「你在神面前不可冒失开口,也不可心急发言;因为神在天上,你在地下。」
And Rav Huna said that Rav said in the name of Rabbi Meir: One’s words should always be few before the Holy One, Blessed be He, as it is stated: “Be not rash with your mouth and let not your heart be hasty to utter a word before God; for God is in heaven, and you upon earth.
「所以你的言语要寡少」(传道书 5:1)。
Therefore, let your words be few” (Ecclesiastes 5:1).
「造」字连写两个 י,是说神造了善念与恶念两样。
拉夫希斯达之子拉夫纳赫曼 讲说:经上写「耶和华神就造了人」(创世记 2:7)——原文作 וַיִּיצֶר,「造」字里连写两个 י——这是什么意思?
Rav Naḥman bar Rav Ḥisda interpreted homiletically: What is the meaning of that which is written: “Then the Lord God formed [vayyitzer] man” (Genesis 2:7), with a double yod?
וַיִּיצֶר(他造)照常例只须一个 י(希伯来第十个字母,名唤约德),这里却写了两个。下文所解,全在这多出来的一个字母上——罗马字转写与中文都显不出来。
这两个 י 是指:神造了两样念头,一样是善念,一样是恶念。
This double yod alludes to that fact that the Holy One, Blessed be He, created two inclinations; one a good inclination and one an evil inclination.
牲畜的「造」字并不重写,难道牲畜就没有念头?改照 拉比西缅·本·帕齐 解作「造我的」与「我的念头」。
拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 极力驳道:若是这样,牲畜——说到牲畜时「造」字并没有连写两个 י——难道就没有念头么?
Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak strongly objects to this: If that is so, does an animal, with regard to whom vayyitzer is not written with a double yod, not have an inclination?
我们岂不是看见牲畜也伤人、也咬人、也踢人?
Don’t we see that it causes damage and bites and kicks?
倒该照 拉比西缅·本·帕齐 的说法来解这重写的字,因为 拉比西缅·本·帕齐 说:这是指人一生的两难——我因造我的(יוֹצְרִי)有祸,我因我的念头(יִצְרִי)也有祸。
Rather, interpret the double yod homiletically, in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi, as Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi said: This alludes to the difficulty of human life; woe unto me from my Creator [yotzri] and woe unto me from my inclination [yitzri].
יוֹצְרִי(造我的)与 יִצְרִי(我的念头)只差一个字母,读来几乎同声,两祸也就系在同一个字根上。中文两语全不相类。
人无论是顺从造他的,还是顺从自己的念头,总要因那另一头有祸。
If one opts to follow either his Creator or his inclination, woe unto him from the other.
再一解:重写是指神造 始祖亚当 时一身两面,男女同体。
再一说:这创造之语的重写,也可照 拉比耶利米·本·以利亚撒 的话来解,因为 拉比耶利米·本·以利亚撒 说:神造 始祖亚当 时,给他造了两面(双面之身)——一身而兼男女,正如经上说:「你在我前后环绕我(צַרְתָּנִי)」(诗篇 139:5):צַרְתָּנִי 一字,讲说者取它从 צוּרָה(面貌)来。
Alternatively, this duplication in the language of creation can be explained in accordance with the statement of Rabbi Yirmeya ben Elazar, as Rabbi Yirmeya ben Elazar said: The Holy One, Blessed be He, created two faces [du partzufin] on Adam the first man; he was created both male and female in a single body, as it is stated: “You have formed me [tzartani] behind and before” (Psalms 139:5); tzartani is derived from the word tzura [face].
神在一个受造之身上造了两面,一在后,一在前。
God formed two faces on a single creation, back and front.
创世记 2:22:神用取自那人身上的 胁侧 造成女人。
经上说:「耶和华神就用那 胁侧——他从那人身上所取的——造成一个女人,领她到那人跟前」(创世记 2:22)。
It is stated: “And the tzela which the Lord, God, had taken from the man, He made a woman, and brought her unto the man” (Genesis 2:22).
拉夫 与 撒母耳 争 胁侧 之义:一说是「面」,一说是「尾」。
拉夫 与 撒母耳 争 胁侧 一字之义:一个说:是「面」。
Rav and Shmuel disagree over the meaning of the word tzela: One said: It means face.
夏娃起初本是 亚当 的一面、一侧。
Eve was originally one face or side of Adam.
一个说:是「尾」——他解作 胁侧 乃是一件附出之物,就是 亚当 胸前的一根肋。
And one said: It means tail, which he explains to mean that the tzela was an appendage, i.e., one of the ribs in Adam’s chest.
依「尾」说,「你在我前后环绕我」怎么讲?拉比阿米:后是末了受造,前是头一个受罚。
革玛拉 剖这一争:依那说 胁侧 是「面」的,经上写「你在我前后环绕我」才讲得通;然而依那说 胁侧 是「尾」的,「你在我前后环绕我」这一节又当怎么讲?
The Gemara analyzes this dispute: Granted, according to the one who said that tzela means face; that is why it is written: “You have formed me [tzartani] behind and before.” However, according to the one who said that tzela means tail, what is meant by the verse: “You have formed me [tzartani] behind and before”?
革玛拉 答:可照 拉比阿米 的说法讲,因为 拉比阿米 说:「后」是说 亚当 在创造之工的末了才被造;「前」是说他头一个受罚。
The Gemara answers: It can be explained in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Ami, as Rabbi Ami said: Behind means Adam was created at the end of the act of creation; and before means that he was first for punishment.
「头一个受罚」指哪一次?若指蛇那一件,《巴拉伊塔》 说降咒诅是从最小的起。
革玛拉 问:说 亚当 在创造之工上居「后」——就是直到第六日、安息日前夕才被造——这讲得通;然而说他居「前」,就是头一个受罚,这是指哪一次刑罚呢?
The Gemara asks: Granted, Adam was behind, or last, in the act of creation, meaning that he was not created until the sixth day, Shabbat eve; however, before, or first, for punishment, to what punishment does this refer?
你若说他是在蛇那一件事上头一个受罚——一段 《巴拉伊塔》 里岂不是教过,论到刑罚,拉比犹大·哈纳西 说:加荣耀从最大的起,降咒诅从最小的起?
If you say that he was first for punishment in the wake of the episode with the snake, wasn’t it taught in a baraita that, with regard to punishment, Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi says: In conferring honor, one begins with the greatest; in cursing, one begins with the least significant.
加荣耀先提 亚伦;降咒诅先咒蛇,次夏娃,末了才是 亚当。
革玛拉 解说:加荣耀从最大的起,正如经上写:「摩西 对 亚伦 和他剩下的儿子以利亚撒、以他玛 说:你们要把所剩的素祭拿来」(利未记 10:12)。
The Gemara explains: In conferring honor, one begins with the greatest, as it is written: “And Moses said unto Aaron, and Elazar and Itamar, his remaining sons: Take the meal-offering that remains” (Leviticus 10:12).
亚伦 在其中最大,就头一个提起。
Aaron, who was the greatest among those involved, is mentioned first.
降咒诅从最小的起:先咒蛇,次咒夏娃,末了才咒 亚当。
And in cursing, one begins with the least significant, as first the snake was cursed, then Eve was cursed, and ultimately Adam himself was cursed.
刑罚并不是从 亚当 起头的。
The punishment did not begin with Adam.
「头一个受罚」是指洪水:先及于人,次及牲畜,末了才及其余。
倒该说这是指洪水的刑罚,正如经上写:「凡地上各类的活物,连人带牲畜、昆虫,以及空中的飞鸟,都从地上除灭了」(创世记 7:23)——刑罚先及于人,次及牲畜,末了才及其余受造之物。
Rather, this refers to the punishment of the flood, as it is written: “And He blotted out every living substance which was upon the face of the ground, both man and cattle, creeping things and fowl of the heaven” (Genesis 7:23); the punishment began with man, then the animals, and ultimately all the other creatures.
依「尾」说,「造」字连写两个 י 又要说明什么?
说回「造」字的解法,革玛拉 问:依那说夏娃本是 亚当 的一面、一侧的,经上「造」字连写两个 י 才讲得通——两个 י 正指两回成形。
Returning to interpretation of vayyitzer, the Gemara asks: Granted, according to the one who said that Eve was originally a face or side of Adam; that is why it is written vayyitzer, with a double yod, which allude to the two formations.
然而依那说她是 亚当 的一尾、一件附出之物的,「造」字连写两个 י 又要说明什么呢?
However, according to the one who said that she was a tail, or appendage, of Adam, what is conveyed by spelling vayyitzer with a double yod?
答:仍照 拉比西缅·本·帕齐,重写是要人常记那一句两难之言。
革玛拉 答:这当照 拉比西缅·本·帕齐 的说法来解,因为 拉比西缅·本·帕齐 说:这是要着重人无论遇着什么,心里总当对自己说的那一句——我因造我的有祸,我因我的念头也有祸。
The Gemara responds: This is interpreted homiletically in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi, as Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi said: This comes to emphasize that which a person says to himself in every circumstance: Woe unto me from my Creator and woe unto me from my inclination.
依「尾」说,「他造男造女」怎么讲?拉比阿巴胡:起初意思是造两个,末了只造了一个。
依那说夏娃是一面的,经上写「他造男造女」(创世记 5:2)才讲得通。
Granted, according to the one who said that Eve was a face, that is why it is written: “Male and female, He created them” (Genesis 5:2).
然而依那说夏娃是一尾的,「他造男造女」这一节又是什么意思?
However, according to the one who said that Eve was a tail, what is the meaning of the verse: “Male and female, He created them”?
革玛拉 答:可照 拉比阿巴胡 的说法讲。
The Gemara answers: It can be explained in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Abbahu.
拉比阿巴胡 曾把两节经文对起来看:一面经上写「他造男造女」,一面又写「因为神造人是照自己的形像造的」(创世记 9:6)——这是说人本是独自一个被造的。
As Rabbi Abbahu raised a contradiction between the verses: On the one hand it is written: “Male and female, He created them,” and on the other hand it is written: “For in the image of God He made man” (Genesis 9:6), indicating that man was created alone.
那么这两节怎样调和呢?
How, then, does he resolve the contradiction?
起初神心里所存的意思是造两个,末了实际所造的只有一个。
At first, the thought entered God’s mind to create two, and ultimately, only one was actually created.
依「尾」说,「用肉把那处合上」是什么意思?答:单就切口那一处说的。
革玛拉 问:依那说夏娃是一面的,经上写「他取下他的一侧,就用肉把那处合上」(创世记 2:21)才讲得通——那敞开的一侧本该合上。
The Gemara asks: Granted, according to the one who said that Eve was a face, that is why it is written: “And He took one of his sides and closed up the place with flesh in its place” (Genesis 2:21), as it was necessary to close the side that was open.
然而依那说夏娃本是一尾的,「用肉把那处合上」这一句是什么意思?
However, according to the one who said that Eve was originally a tail, what is meant by the verse: “And closed up the place with flesh in its place”?
拉比耶利米 说——有人说是 拉夫泽维德 说,也有人说是 拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 说:这一句单就切口那一处说的。
Rabbi Yirmeya said, and some say Rav Zevid said, and some say Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: It was necessary to say that only with regard to the place of the incision.
依「面」说,「神建造那 胁侧」有什么可建造的?
革玛拉 又诘那一说:依那说夏娃是一尾的,经上写「耶和华神……建造那 胁侧」(创世记 2:22)才讲得通——那是全然新造的一座。
The Gemara challenges the other opinion: Granted, according to the one who said that Eve was a tail, that is why it is written: “And the Lord God built the tzela” (Genesis 2:22); it was a completely new building.
然而依那说夏娃本是整整一面、一侧的,「他建造」又是什么意思?
However, according to the one who said that Eve was a complete face or side, what is the meaning of: “And He built”?
有什么要建造的呢?
What needed to be built?
拉比西缅·本·梅纳西亚:「建造」是编发——沿海诸城把编发叫作建造。
革玛拉 答:这当照 拉比西缅·本·梅纳西亚 的说法来解,因为 拉比西缅·本·梅纳西亚 讲说:经上写「耶和华神……建造那 胁侧」,是什么意思?
The Gemara responds: This must be interpreted homiletically, in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon ben Menasya, as Rabbi Shimon ben Menasya interpreted homiletically: What is the meaning of that which is written: “And the Lord God built the tzela”?
这一节是说:神为夏娃编了头发,然后领她到 亚当 跟前;因为沿海诸城的人把编发叫作「建造」。
This verse teaches that the Holy One, Blessed be He, braided Eve’s hair, and then brought her to Adam, as in the coastal towns, they call braiding hair, building.
再一解:「建造」是说她的身量像仓廪——上窄下宽,好怀胎。
再一说:「他建造」也可解作说她身量的形状,正如 拉夫希斯达 所说——有人说这是一段 《巴拉伊塔》 所教的:这一节是说神把夏娃造得像仓廪的样式。
Alternatively, the verse: And He built, could be understood as a description of her basic shape, as Rav Ḥisda said, and some say that it is taught in a baraita: This verse teaches that the Holy One, Blessed be He, built Eve like the structure of a storehouse.
仓廪上窄下宽,好盛五谷而不至崩塌;女人也照样上窄下宽,好怀胎。
Just as a storehouse is built narrow on top and wide on the bottom, in order to hold produce without collapsing; so too a woman is created narrow on top and wide on the bottom, in order to hold the fetus.
神亲作 始祖亚当 的傧相:大的当就小的,不必以为有失身分。
论到「领她到那人跟前」(创世记 2:22)一语,拉比耶利米·本·以利亚撒 说:这一节是说神亲作 始祖亚当 的傧相。
With regard to the verse: “And brought her unto the man” (Genesis 2:22), Rabbi Yirmeya ben Elazar said: This verse teaches that the Holy One, Blessed be He, was Adam the first man’s best man.
由此 妥拉 教人:大人物去就小人物、帮他、给他作傧相,是合宜的行止。
From here, the Torah taught that it is a desired mode of behavior for a greater individual to seek out a lesser individual to assist him and serve as his best man.
大的当帮小的,不该因此心里不平,以为有失身分。
The greater individual should help the lesser and should not feel badly about it, that it might be beneath his dignity.
两人之中谁走在前?按 《巴拉伊塔》,男在前——人不可走在妇人后头。
革玛拉 问:依那说夏娃是 亚当 一面、一侧的,那么两人之中是谁走在前头?
The Gemara asks: And according to the one who said that Eve was a face or side of Adam, which one of them walked in front?
拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 说:按理该说男的走在前头,因为一段 《巴拉伊塔》 里教过:人在路上不可走在妇人后头,免得一路盯着她看——纵是自己的妻也不可。
Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: It is reasonable to say that the man walked in front, as it is taught in a baraita: A man should not walk behind a woman on a path, as he will look at her constantly, even if it is his wife.
若在桥上遇见妇人,他当快走几步,把她让到旁边,免得她走在他前头。
If a woman happens upon him along a bridge, he should walk quickly in order to move her to the sides so that she will not walk in front of him.
凡为要看妇人过水时撩衣露出的肌肤,就跟在她后头涉河的,在来世无分。
And anyone who walks behind a woman in a river in order to see her exposed skin when she lifts her clothing as she passes through the water has no portion in the World-to-Come.
为看妇人而把钱数到她手里的,纵有 摩西 一般的 妥拉 与善行,也免不了 革希嫩。
众拉比教导说:凡为要看一个妇人,把钱从自己手里数到她手里的,纵使他积下的 妥拉 与善行多如我们的师傅 摩西,也免不了 革希嫩 的刑罚,正如经上说:「手加手,恶人必不免受罚」(箴言 11:21)——把钱从自己手里递到她手里的,纵使他像 摩西 一样从神手里领受了 妥拉,也免不了那称为「恶」的 革希嫩 的刑罚。
The Sages taught: One who counts money for a woman from his hand to her hand in order to look upon her, even if he has accumulated Torah and good deeds like Moses our teacher, he will not be absolved from the punishment of Gehenna, as it is stated: “Hand to hand, the evil man shall not go unpunished” (Proverbs 11:21); one who hands money from his hand to her hand, even if he received the Torah from God’s hand to his own, like Moses, he will not be absolved from the punishment of Gehenna, which is called evil.
拉夫纳赫曼 由「玛挪亚 跟随他的妻」断他是不学之人。
拉夫纳赫曼 说:从下面这一节可知 参孙 的父亲 玛挪亚 是不学之人,因为经上写:「玛挪亚……就跟随他的妻去了」(士师记 13:11)。
Rav Naḥman said: From the following verse we know that Samson’s father, Manoah, was an ignoramus, as it is written: “And Manoah…went after his wife” (Judges 13:11).
以利加拿 与 以利沙 也有同样的话——可见「跟随」是听从她的话,并非走在她身后。
拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 极力驳道:你若照字面这样解,那么论到先知撒母耳的父亲 以利加拿,经上写「以利加拿 就跟随他的妻去了」,你又怎么说?论到先知 以利沙,经上写「他就起来跟随她去了」(列王纪下 4:30),又怎么说?
Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak strongly objects to this: If that is so that you understand the verse literally, what do you say about the verse with regard to Elkana, the father of the prophet Samuel, as it is written: “And Elkana walked after his wife,” and what of the verse with regard to the prophet Elisha, as it is written: “And he arose and followed her” (II Kings 4:30)?
这一节难道是说他当真走在她后头么?
Does this verse mean that he literally walked after her?
倒该说这必是指他听从了她的话、依了她的主意。
Rather, certainly this verse means that he followed her words and advice.
玛挪亚 那一节也当照样解:他是听了妻子的话、依了她的主意,并不是当真走在她后头。
Here, too, then the verse concerning Manoah may be similarly interpreted; he followed his wife’s words and followed her advice, and did not literally walk behind her.
拉夫阿施:依 拉夫纳赫曼 所说,玛挪亚 连小孩子念的那一段都没学过(创世记 24:61)。
拉夫阿施 说:依 拉夫纳赫曼 所说,玛挪亚 是不学之人——他连小孩子在学里都念的那些 妥拉 故事都没有学过,因为经上说:「利百加 和她的使女们起来,骑上骆驼,跟着那仆人去了」(创世记 24:61)——是跟着他去,并没有走在那人前头。
Rav Ashi said: And according to what Rav Naḥman said, that Manoah was an ignoramus; he did not even learn to read the basic Torah stories that even children learn in school, as it is stated: “Rebecca arose, and her damsels, and they rode upon the camels, and followed the man” (Genesis 24:61); they followed him and did not walk before the man.
拉比约哈难 的次第:狮子后头胜过妇人后头,妇人后头胜过偶像后头,偶像后头胜过打祷告中的会堂后面走过。
就着这题,拉比约哈难 说:宁可跟在狮子后头走,不跟在妇人后头走;宁可跟在妇人后头走,不跟在偶像后头走——跟在偶像后头,看去倒像是陪着它同行。
On this topic, Rabbi Yoḥanan said: It is preferable to walk behind a lion and not behind a woman, and preferable to walk behind a woman and not behind idolatry, for then it will appear as if he is accompanying the idolatry.
宁可跟在偶像后头走,不在会众祷告时打会堂后面走过——那样看去像是自外于会众,不肯同他们一齐祷告。
It is preferable to walk behind idolatry and not behind a synagogue when the congregation is praying, as he appears to separate himself from the community in that he does not wish to join them in prayer.
末后这条 哈拉哈 的四层例外:手里拿着东西、另有一门、骑着驴、戴着 经匣。
末后这条 哈拉哈 有好几层例外:所说的单指他手里没拿东西的时候;他若拿着东西,就不在此例——人人都明白他为什么不进会堂。
This last halakha has numerous caveats: And we only said this in a case where he is not carrying something, and if he is carrying something, this does not apply, as everyone will understand why he did not enter the synagogue.
又单指会堂再没有别的门的时候;若另有一门,就不在此例。
And we only said this in a case where there is no other entrance to the synagogue, and if there is another entrance, this does not apply.
又单指他没骑驴的时候;他若骑着驴,就不在此例。
And we only said this in a case where he is not riding a donkey, and if he is riding a donkey, this does not apply.
又单指他没戴 经匣 的时候;他若戴着 经匣,就不在此例。
And we only said this in a case where he is not donning phylacteries, but if he is donning phylacteries, this does not apply.
恶念像什么:拉夫 说像苍蝇,蹲在心的两门之间;撒母耳 说像一粒麦子。
拉夫 说:恶念像一只苍蝇,蹲在心的两个门户之间,正如经上说:「死苍蝇使做香的膏油发出臭气」(传道书 10:1)。
Rav said: The evil inclination is like a fly and it sits between the two entrances of the heart, as it is stated: “Dead flies make the ointment of the perfumer fetid and putrid” (Ecclesiastes 10:1).
撒母耳 说:恶念像一粒麦子,正如经上说:「罪(חַטָּאת)伏在门前」(创世记 4:7)——讲说者取 חַטָּאת 与 חִטָּה(麦子)同源。
And Shmuel said: The evil inclination is like a type of wheat, as it is stated: “Transgression [ḥatat] couches at the door” (Genesis 4:7); ḥatat is interpreted homiletically as related to ḥitta, wheat.
חַטָּאת(罪)与 חִטָּה(麦子)辅音相近,所解全在这一点上;中文「罪」与「麦」两字全不相类。
人有两肾,一个劝善一个劝恶;按传道书 10:2,善的在右,恶的在左。
众拉比在一段 《巴拉伊塔》 里教导说:人有两个肾,一个劝他行善,一个劝他行恶。
The Sages taught in a baraita: A person has two kidneys; one advises him to do good and one advises him to do evil.
按理该说劝他行善的在右,劝他行恶的在左,因为经上写:「智慧人的心居右,愚昧人的心居左」(传道书 10:2)。
And it stands to reason that the one advising him to do good is to his right and the one that advises him to do evil is to his left, as it is written: “A wise man’s understanding is at his right hand, but a fool’s understanding is at his left” (Ecclesiastes 10:2).
各样脏腑所司:肾出主意,心思想,舌成声,口塑之,食道纳出,气管发声……(句未完,接下叶)
就着肾这一题,革玛拉 引众拉比在一段 《巴拉伊塔》 里论各样脏腑所司的话:肾出主意,心思想,舌头把出口的声音塑成形,口把这声音塑完,食道纳进又放出各样食物,气管发声,
Tangential to the subject of kidneys, the Gemara cites that which the Sages taught in a baraita with regard to the roles of various organs: The kidneys advise, the heart understands, the tongue shapes the sounds that emerge from the mouth, the mouth completes the shaping of the voice, the esophagus takes in and lets out all kinds of food, the trachea produces the voice,